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3D Energi Secures Investor Commitments for $10MM Capital Raise

3D Energi Ltd said Tuesday new institutional investors and existing shareholders have committed to participating in a share issuance to raise AUD 14.5 million ($9.61 million) for its drilling campaign offshore Victoria. The Eastern Australia-focused exploration company plans to issue nearly 104 million shares at AUD 0.14 per share, it said in a stock filing. […]

3D Energi Ltd said Tuesday new institutional investors and existing shareholders have committed to participating in a share issuance to raise AUD 14.5 million ($9.61 million) for its drilling campaign offshore Victoria.

The Eastern Australia-focused exploration company plans to issue nearly 104 million shares at AUD 0.14 per share, it said in a stock filing.

“The placement price of [AU]$0.14 per share represents a 17.6 percent discount to the last trading price of [AU]$0.17 on 11 December 2025 and a 18.5 percent discount to the 15-trading-day volume weighted average price of [AU]$0.1719”, 3D Energi said.

“Placement shares will be listed on the ASX [Australian Securities Exchange] and rank pari-passu with the existing fully paid ordinary shares”.

It expects to settle the placement December 23, while placement options are subject to shareholder approval at a general meeting that 3D Energy expects to hold late January 2026.

3D Energi said it would issue one free attaching option for every one new share issued under the placement. “The placement options are exercisable at [AU]$0.21 each, with an expiry date of two years from the date of issue”, 3D Energi said.

“It is intended that the placement options will be listed, and an application will be made to the ASX for quotation of the options, subject to shareholder approval and meeting the ASX requirements for quotation of the options”.

“The placement was strongly supported by a number of new domestic and international institutional investors, as well as existing shareholders”, 3D Energi said.

“Proceeds from the placement will be applied towards testing at the Essington-1 well, drilling the Charlemont-1 gas exploration well within the VIC/P79 exploration permit, the second well of the 2025 Otway Exploration Drilling Program, and for general working capital purposes, including costs of the placement”, it said.

On Wednesday 3D Energi said the Charlemont-1 well in the Otway Basin offshore Victoria had been spudded. Drilling is targeting the Intra Gellibrand Formation.

“The well is expected to take approximately 32.9 days to drill to total depth of approximately 2,830 meters [9,284.78 feet] TVDSS, subject to operational conditions”, it said.

3D Energi owns 20 percent in the permit, operated by ConocoPhillips with a 51 percent stake. Korea National Oil Co owns 29 percent.

Last month 3D Energi confirmed a natural gas discovery through the Essington-1 well in the same permit.

The primary Waarre A and secondary Waarre C reservoirs confirmed the presence of hydrocarbons.

Results from two tests showed that the “productive portions of the reservoir comprise laterally connected and transmissive sandstone units with effective flow characteristics, albeit with performance varying according to sand quality and clay content”, 3D Energi said.

“Downhole fluid analysis across the Waarre A test zones, together with gas monitoring at surface during the tests, has confirmed the presence of gas and predicted condensate presence with a preliminary Condensate Gas Ratio of ~30-33 stb/MMscf in all tested zones (further laboratory analysis will provide confirmation)”, 3D Energi said.

“CO2 concentrations from the Ora downhole compositional fluid analyzer are consistent with those from preliminary rig-based MDT samples, having measured CO2 concentrations of 3-4 percent. Further analysis is required to confirm these initial results”.

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Will Google throw gasoline on the AI chip arms race?

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Nvidia moves deeper into AI infrastructure with SchedMD acquisition

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3D Energi Secures Investor Commitments for $10MM Capital Raise

3D Energi Ltd said Tuesday new institutional investors and existing shareholders have committed to participating in a share issuance to raise AUD 14.5 million ($9.61 million) for its drilling campaign offshore Victoria. The Eastern Australia-focused exploration company plans to issue nearly 104 million shares at AUD 0.14 per share, it said in a stock filing. “The placement price of [AU]$0.14 per share represents a 17.6 percent discount to the last trading price of [AU]$0.17 on 11 December 2025 and a 18.5 percent discount to the 15-trading-day volume weighted average price of [AU]$0.1719”, 3D Energi said. “Placement shares will be listed on the ASX [Australian Securities Exchange] and rank pari-passu with the existing fully paid ordinary shares”. It expects to settle the placement December 23, while placement options are subject to shareholder approval at a general meeting that 3D Energy expects to hold late January 2026. 3D Energi said it would issue one free attaching option for every one new share issued under the placement. “The placement options are exercisable at [AU]$0.21 each, with an expiry date of two years from the date of issue”, 3D Energi said. “It is intended that the placement options will be listed, and an application will be made to the ASX for quotation of the options, subject to shareholder approval and meeting the ASX requirements for quotation of the options”. “The placement was strongly supported by a number of new domestic and international institutional investors, as well as existing shareholders”, 3D Energi said. “Proceeds from the placement will be applied towards testing at the Essington-1 well, drilling the Charlemont-1 gas exploration well within the VIC/P79 exploration permit, the second well of the 2025 Otway Exploration Drilling Program, and for general working capital purposes, including costs of the placement”, it said. On Wednesday 3D Energi said the

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Trump Orders Blockade of Sanctioned Oil Tankers in Venezuela

President Donald Trump ordered a blockade of sanctioned oil tankers going into and leaving Venezuela, ratcheting up pressure on Caracas as the US builds up its military presence in the region. “Venezuela is completely surrounded by the largest Armada ever assembled in the History of South America,” Trump wrote on social media Tuesday. “It will only get bigger, and the shock to them will be like nothing they have ever seen before.” The move threatens to choke off the economic lifeblood of a country that was already under severe financial pressure. But it will have a less profound impact on global markets due to the diminished status of Venezuela’s oil industry.  The OPEC member’s crude output has slumped about 70% through more than 25 years of socialist rule to less than 1 million barrels a day. It could potentially rebound if the governing regime were to change.  Even so, the move represents an escalation of Trump’s pressure on President Nicolas Maduro with the potential to further destabilize the country in the short term. Venezuela condemned the latest measures as a “reckless and serious” threat. US crude benchmark West Texas Intermediate climbed as much as 1.7% to trade near $56 a barrel, rebounding from the lowest level in almost five years. “Trump intends to impose, in an utterly irrational manner, a supposed military blockade of Venezuela with the aim of stealing the riches that belong to our homeland,” the government said in a statement published late Tuesday on Vice President Delcy Rodríguez’s Telegram account. “Venezuela reaffirms its sovereignty over all its natural resources.” Venezuela said in its statement that its ambassador to the United Nations would immediately denounce what it called a “grave” violation of international law. Trump said he was also designating the Maduro regime as a “FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATION.”

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USA Readies New Russia Sanctions If Putin Rejects Deal

The US is preparing a fresh round of sanctions on Russia’s energy sector to increase the pressure on Moscow should President Vladimir Putin reject a peace agreement with Ukraine, according to people familiar with the matter. The US is considering options, such as targeting vessels in Russia’s so-called shadow fleet of tankers used to transport Moscow’s oil, as well as traders who facilitate the transactions, said the people who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss private deliberations. The new measures could be unveiled as early as this week, some of the people said.  Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent discussed the plans when he met a group of European ambassadors earlier this week, the people said. “President Trump is the President of Peace, and I reiterated that under his leadership, America will continue to prioritize ending the war in Ukraine,” he wrote in a post on the social media platform X after the meeting. The people cautioned that any final decision rests with President Donald Trump. A request for comment placed with the Department of Treasury outside of business hours wasn’t immediately returned. The Kremlin is aware that some US officials are mulling plans to introduce new sanctions against Russia, Putin’s spokesman Dmitry Peskov told reporters Wednesday, according to the Interfax news service. “It’s obvious that any sanctions are harmful for the process of rebuilding relations,” he said.  Oil briefly rose after the news. Brent futures advanced as much as 70 cents a barrel to trade as high as $60.33, before paring their advance. My thanks to @EUAmbUS Ambassador Neliupšienė for hosting discussions this morning with the 27 EU Ambassadors to the United States. President Trump is the President of Peace, and I reiterated that under his leadership, America will continue to prioritize ending the war in… pic.twitter.com/3SfQiL4lvw — Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent (@SecScottBessent) December

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Strategists Forecast Week on Week USA Crude Build

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SK On pivots to stationary energy storage after Ford joint venture ends

Dive Brief: Korean battery maker SK On says it remains committed to building out a Tennessee plant originally intended to supply electric vehicle batteries to Ford after a joint venture with the car maker was called off, the company said in a statement. The manufacturer will maintain its strategic partnership with Ford and continue to supply EV batteries for its future vehicles, SK Americas spokesperson Joe Guy Collier said in an email. However, going forward, SK On plans to focus more on “profitable and sustainable growth” in the U.S. by supplying batteries produced in the Tennessee plant to other customers, including for stationary energy storage systems, the company said. “This agreement allows SK On to strategically realign assets and production capacity to improve its operational efficiency,” the battery maker said in a statement. “It also enables the company to enhance productivity, operational flexibility, and respond more effectively to evolving market dynamics and diverse customer needs.” Dive Insight: Ford and SK On reached a mutual agreement to dissolve their electric vehicle battery joint venture, BlueOval SK, Collier confirmed in an email last week.  The joint venture was established in September 2021 as part of a planned $11.4 billion investment by the two companies to build three large-scale manufacturing plants — one in Tennessee and two in Kentucky —  to produce advanced batteries for Ford’s future EVs.  Under the terms of the dissolution agreement, each company will independently own and operate the joint venture’s former production facilities, Collier said. A Ford subsidiary will take full ownership of the two battery plants in Kentucky, and SK On will assume full ownership and operate the battery plant in Tennessee. “SK On is committed to the Tennessee plant long-term,” the company said. “We plan to make it a key part of our manufacturing base for advanced batteries

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Shell Adds New Gas Customer in Nigeria

Shell PLC, through Shell Nigeria Gas Ltd (SNG), has signed an agreement to supply natural gas to SG Industrial FZE. The new customer is “a leading steel company in the Guandong industrial zone in the state”, the British company said on its Nigerian website. “The agreement adds to a growing list of clients for SNG which has developed as a dependable supplier of gas through distribution pipelines of some 150 kilometers [93.21 miles], serving over 150 clients in Abia, Bayelsa, Ogun and Rivers states”, Shell said. Shell did not disclose the contract volume or value. SNG managing director Ralph Gbobo said, “Our commitment is clear – to build, operate and maintain a gas distribution system that is not only reliable but resilient, transparent and designed to fuel growth”. SG Industrial vice general manager Moya Shua said, “This collaboration marks a major step forward in securing reliable energy that will power our growth and long-term ambitions”. Shell said it had previously signed agreements to supply pipeline gas to Nigeria Distilleries Ltd III, Reliance Chemical Products Limited II, Rumbu Industries Nigeria Ltd and Ultimum Ltd. Expanding its gas operations in the West African country, Shell recently announced a final investment decision to develop the HI field to supply up to 350 million standard cubic feet of gas a day, equivalent to about 60,000 oil barrels per day, to Nigeria LNG. The project is part of a joint venture in which Shell owns 40 percent through Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Co Ltd. Sunlink Energies and Resources Ltd holds 60 percent. At Nigeria LNG, which has a declared capacity of 22 million metric tons of liquefied natural gas a year, Shell owns 25.6 percent. “The increase in feedstock to NLNG, via the train VII project that aims to expand the Bonny Island terminal’s production capacity,

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NVIDIA and Partners Define a Repeatable Blueprint for AI Factory Data Centers

NVIDIA’s latest wave of AI data center reference designs is intended to serve as a practical blueprint for building AI factories at scale. As customers push toward faster deployment and more standardized, turnkey approaches, ecosystem partners including Siemens, nVent, Schneider Electric, and Trane Technologies have introduced aligned data center architectures that map cleanly onto NVIDIA’s own designs, forming complementary pillars for power, controls, and thermal management. At the center of this effort is an expanding ecosystem of co-engineered reference designs and digital twins, developed in collaboration with these partners and anchored in NVIDIA’s Omniverse DSX “AI factory” framework and its latest GB300 NVL72 and Vera Rubin–class systems. Why Reference Designs Matter at AI-Factory Scale Modern AI clusters are driving rack power densities into the ~130–150 kW per rack range (and rising) for GB300 NVL72 and Grace Blackwell–generation platforms. These systems are no longer being deployed as isolated halls, but as integrated campuses spanning 100 MW to multi-gigawatt scales, often described as full “AI factories.” Supporting this level of density and scale requires liquid cooling architectures and power topologies that fall well outside traditional enterprise or hyperscale design patterns. When each project is designed from scratch, the consequences are familiar: Extended design and permitting cycles. Unintentional vendor lock-in. Elevated risk of under- or over-building electrical and cooling infrastructure. Increased friction with utilities and regulators due to highly customized site designs. In September 2025, NVIDIA formalized an alternative approach with its AI factory reference designs, centered on a canonical digital twin built in Omniverse DSX. This model integrates IT infrastructure (NVIDIA DGX, GB300 NVL72, and Vera Rubin–class systems) with OT layers including power distribution, cooling systems, building infrastructure, and grid interfaces. The result is a standardized, parameterized blueprint intended to reduce risk and compress timelines at scale. These NVIDIA reference designs have,

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Enterprises to prioritize infrastructure modernization in 2026

WWT reports the rise of specialized private clouds for AI and high-performance computing—for example, neocloud providers that offer GPU-as-a-service. “These on-premises environments can be optimized for performance characteristics and cost management, whereas public cloud offerings, while often a quick entry point to start AI/ML experimentation, can become prohibitively expensive at scale for certain workloads,” WWT stated. There is also a move to build up network and compute abilities at the edge, Anderson noted. “Customers are not going to be able to home run all that AI data to their data center and in real time get the answers they need. They will have to have edge compute, and to make that happen, it’s going to be agents sitting out there that are talking to other agents in your central cluster. It’s going to be a very, distributed hybrid architecture, and that will require a very high speed network,” Anderson said.  Real-time AI traffic going from agent to agent is also going to require a high level of access control and security, Anderson said. “You need policy control in the middle of that AI agent environment to say ‘is that agent authorized to be talking to that other agent? And are they entitled to access these applications?’” That’s a big problem on the horizon, Anderson said. “If a company has 100,000 employees, they have 100,000 identities and 100,000 policies about what those people can do and not do. There’s going to be 10x or 100x AI agents out there, each one is going to have to have an identity. Each one is going to have an entitlement in a policy about what data they are allowed to access. That’s going to take upgrades that don’t exist today. The AI agent issue is growing rapidly,” Anderson said. In addition, the imperative to run AI workloads on-premises,

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Uptime Institute’s Max Smolaks: Power, Racks, and the Economics of the AI Data Center Boom

The latest episode of the Data Center Frontier Show opens not with a sweeping thesis, but with a reminder of just how quickly the industry’s center of gravity has shifted. Editor in Chief Matt Vincent is joined by Max Smolaks, research analyst at Uptime Institute, whom DCF met in person earlier this year at the Open Compute Project (OCP) Global Summit 2025 in San Jose. Since then, Smolaks has been closely tracking several of the most consequential—and least obvious—threads shaping the AI infrastructure boom. What emerges over the course of the conversation is not a single narrative, but a set of tensions: between power and place, openness and vertical integration, hyperscale ambition and economic reality. From Crypto to Compute: An Unlikely On-Ramp One of the clearest structural patterns Smolaks sees in today’s AI buildout is the growing number of large-scale AI data center projects that trace their origins back to cryptocurrency mining. It is a transition few would have predicted even a handful of years ago. Generative AI was not an anticipated workload in traditional capacity planning cycles. Three years ago, ChatGPT did not exist, and the industry had not yet begun to grapple with the scale, power density, and energy intensity now associated with AI training and inference. When demand surged, developers were left with only a limited set of viable options. Many leaned heavily on on-site generation—most often natural gas—to bypass grid delays. Others ended up in geographies that had already been “discovered” by crypto miners. For years, cryptocurrency operators had been quietly mapping underutilized power capacity. Latency did not matter. Proximity to population centers did not matter. Cheap, abundant electricity did—often in remote or unconventional locations that would never have appeared on a traditional data center site-selection short list. As crypto markets softened, those same sites became

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Google’s TPU Roadmap: Challenging Nvidia’s Dominance in AI Infrastructure

Google’s roadmap for its Tensor Processing Units has quietly evolved into a meaningful counterweight to Nvidia’s GPU dominance in cloud AI infrastructure—particularly at hyperscale. While Nvidia sells physical GPUs and associated systems, Google sells accelerator services through Google Cloud Platform. That distinction matters: Google isn’t competing in the GPU hardware market, but it is increasingly competing in the AI compute services market, where accelerator mix and economics directly influence hyperscaler strategy. Over the past 18–24 months, Google has focused on identifying workloads that map efficiently onto TPUs and has introduced successive generations of the architecture, each delivering notable gains in performance, memory bandwidth, and energy efficiency. Currently, three major TPU generations are broadly available in GCP: v5e and v5p, the “5-series” workhorses tuned for cost-efficient training and scale-out learning. Trillium (v6), offering a 4–5× performance uplift over v5e with significant efficiency gains. Ironwood (v7 / TPU7x), a pod-scale architecture of 9,216 chips delivering more than 40 exaFLOPS FP8 compute, designed explicitly for the emerging “age of inference.” Google is also aggressively marketing TPU capabilities to external customers. The expanded Anthropic agreement (up to one million TPUs, representing ≥1 GW of capacity and tens of billions of dollars) marks the most visible sign of TPU traction. Reporting also suggests that Google and Meta are in advanced discussions for a multibillion-dollar arrangement in which Meta would lease TPUs beginning in 2026 and potentially purchase systems outright starting in 2027. At the same time, Google is broadening its silicon ambitions. The newly introduced Axion CPUs and the fully integrated AI Hypercomputer architecture frame TPUs not as a standalone option, but as part of a multi-accelerator environment that includes Nvidia H100/Blackwell GPUs, custom CPUs, optimized storage, and high-performance fabrics. What follows is a deeper look at how the TPU stack has evolved, and what

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DCF Trends Summit 2025: Beyond the Grid – Natural Gas, Speed, and the New Data Center Reality

By 2025, the data center industry’s power problem has become a site-selection problem, a finance problem, a permitting problem and, increasingly, a communications problem. That was the throughline of “Beyond the Grid: Natural Gas, Speed, and the New Data Center Reality,” a DCF Trends Summit panel moderated by Stu Dyer, First Vice President at CBRE, with Aad den Elzen, VP of Power Generation at Solar Turbines (a Caterpillar company); Creede Williams, CEO & President of Exigent Energy Partners; and Adam Michaelis, Vice President of Hyperscale Engineering at PointOne Data Centers. In an industry that once treated proximity to gas infrastructure as a red flag, Dyer opened with a blunt marker of the market shift: what used to be a “no-go” is now, for many projects, the shortest path to “yes.” Vacancy is tight, preleasing is high, and the center of gravity is moving both in scale and geography as developers chase power beyond the traditional core. From 48MW Campuses to Gigawatt Expectations Dyer framed the panel’s premise with a Northern Virginia memory: a “big” 48MW campus in Sterling that was expected to last five to seven years—until a hyperscale takedown effectively erased the runway. That was the early warning sign of what’s now a different era entirely. Today, Dyer said, the industry isn’t debating 72MW or even 150MW blocks. Increasingly, the conversation starts at 500MW critical and, for some customers, pushes past a gigawatt. Grid delivery timelines have not kept pace with that shift, and the mismatch is forcing alternative strategies into the mainstream. “If you’re interested in speed and scale… gas.” If there was a sharp edge to the panel, it came from Williams’ assertion that for near-term speed-to-power at meaningful scale, natural gas is the only broadly viable option. Williams spoke as an independent power producer (IPP) operator who

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Roundtable: The Economics of Acceleration

Ben Rapp, Rehlko: The pace of AI deployment is outpacing grid capacity in many regions, which means power strategy is now directly tied to deployment timelines. To move fast without sacrificing lifecycle cost or reliability, operators are adopting modular power systems that can be installed and commissioned quickly, then expanded or adapted as loads grow. From an energy perspective, this requires architectures that support multiple pathways: traditional generation, cleaner fuels like HVO, battery energy storage, and eventually hydrogen or renewable integrations where feasible. Backup power is no longer a static insurance policy, it’s a dynamic part of the operating model, supporting uptime, compliance, and long-term cost management. Rehlko’s global footprint and broad energy portfolio enable us to support operators through these transitions with scalable solutions that meet existing technical needs while providing a roadmap for future adaptation.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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