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The Download: churches in the age of AI, and how to run an LLM at home

Plus: the AI bubble may be about to burst This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. How churches use data and AI as engines of surveillance On a Sunday morning in a Midwestern megachurch, worshippers step through sliding glass doors into a bustling lobby—unaware they’ve just passed through a gauntlet of biometric surveillance. High-speed cameras snap multiple face “probes” per second, before passing the results to a local neural network that distills these images into digital fingerprints. Before people find their seats, they are matched against an on-premises database—tagged with names, membership tiers, and watch-list flags—that’s stored behind the church’s firewall. This hypothetical scene reflects real capabilities increasingly woven into places of worship nationwide, where spiritual care and surveillance converge in ways few congregants ever realize.  Where Big Tech’s rationalist ethos and evangelical spirituality once mixed like oil and holy water, now they’re combining to redraw the contours of community and pastoral power in modern spiritual life. Read the full story. —Alex Ashley This story is from our forthcoming print issue, which is all about security. If you haven’t already, subscribe now to receive future issues once they land. MIT Technology Review Narrated: How to run an LLM on your laptop For people who are concerned about privacy, want to break free from the control of the big LLM companies, or just enjoy tinkering, local models offer a compelling alternative to ChatGPT and its web-based peers. Here’s how to get started running one from the safety and comfort of your own computer. This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 US tech stocks are sliding over fears the AI bubble may be about to burstAfter an MIT report found that the vast majority of organizations are getting zero return on their AI investments. (FT $)+ Even Sam Altman thinks the current hype is unsustainable. (CNBC) 2 Meta is reportedly weighing up downsizing its AI divisionIt wants to split it into four groups—and layoffs could be imminent. (NYT $)+ What’s happening with the metaverse, then? (NY Mag $)+ Meta is desperately hoping its AI hiring spree will pay off. (Bloomberg $) 3 The American Academy of Pediatrics is defying RFK Jr By releasing its own vaccination schedule for children. (Ars Technica)+ It’s breaking with current CDC recommendations. (CNN)+ Why US federal health agencies are abandoning mRNA vaccines. (MIT Technology Review) 4 Elon Musk’s America Party isn’t going so wellHe’s said to be refocusing his attention on his companies instead. (WSJ $) 5 The White House has a TikTok account nowThe very same TikTok that Donald Trump once tried to ban. (WP $)+ What appears to have changed Congress’ stance? (The Verge)+ There’s still no sign of a sale on the horizon. (The Guardian) 6 Nvidia is working on another chip for ChinaOne that’s faster and more powerful than its current H20 model. (Reuters) 7 How AGI preppers are bracing themselves for an AI apocalypseSome are spending all their retirement savings along the way. (Insider $) 8 Demand for critical minerals is soaringIs there a less-invasive way to mine them? (New Scientist $)+ The race to produce rare earth elements. (MIT Technology Review) 9 What’s an automaker CEO to do?In our increasingly topsy turvy world, many of them feel like they can’t win. (Wired $) 10 This mattress company is building an AI agent for sleepEight Sleep’s agent could simulate digital twins of a user’s sleep habits. (The Information $)+ I tried to hack my insomnia with technology. Here’s what worked. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “Too many cooks, too many kitchens.” —Tech investor M.G. Siegler wryly comments on the news Meta is planning to restructure its AI division in a post on Bluesky. One more thing Responsible AI has a burnout problemMargaret Mitchell had been working at Google for two years before she realized she needed a break. Only after she spoke with a therapist did she understand the problem: she was burnt out.Mitchell, who now works as chief ethics scientist at the AI startup Hugging Face, is far from alone in her experience. Burnout is becoming increasingly common in responsible AI teams.All the practitioners MIT Technology Review interviewed spoke enthusiastically about their work: it is fueled by passion, a sense of urgency, and the satisfaction of building solutions for real problems. But that sense of mission can be overwhelming without the right support. Read the full story.  —Melissa Heikkilä

Plus: the AI bubble may be about to burst

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

How churches use data and AI as engines of surveillance

On a Sunday morning in a Midwestern megachurch, worshippers step through sliding glass doors into a bustling lobby—unaware they’ve just passed through a gauntlet of biometric surveillance. High-speed cameras snap multiple face “probes” per second, before passing the results to a local neural network that distills these images into digital fingerprints. Before people find their seats, they are matched against an on-premises database—tagged with names, membership tiers, and watch-list flags—that’s stored behind the church’s firewall.

This hypothetical scene reflects real capabilities increasingly woven into places of worship nationwide, where spiritual care and surveillance converge in ways few congregants ever realize. 

Where Big Tech’s rationalist ethos and evangelical spirituality once mixed like oil and holy water, now they’re combining to redraw the contours of community and pastoral power in modern spiritual life. Read the full story.

—Alex Ashley

This story is from our forthcoming print issue, which is all about security. If you haven’t already, subscribe now to receive future issues once they land.

MIT Technology Review Narrated: How to run an LLM on your laptop

For people who are concerned about privacy, want to break free from the control of the big LLM companies, or just enjoy tinkering, local models offer a compelling alternative to ChatGPT and its web-based peers. Here’s how to get started running one from the safety and comfort of your own computer.

This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 US tech stocks are sliding over fears the AI bubble may be about to burst
After an MIT report found that the vast majority of organizations are getting zero return on their AI investments. (FT $)
+ Even Sam Altman thinks the current hype is unsustainable. (CNBC)

2 Meta is reportedly weighing up downsizing its AI division
It wants to split it into four groups—and layoffs could be imminent. (NYT $)+ What’s happening with the metaverse, then? (NY Mag $)
+ Meta is desperately hoping its AI hiring spree will pay off. (Bloomberg $)

3 The American Academy of Pediatrics is defying RFK Jr

By releasing its own vaccination schedule for children. (Ars Technica)
+ It’s breaking with current CDC recommendations. (CNN)
+ Why US federal health agencies are abandoning mRNA vaccines. (MIT Technology Review)

4 Elon Musk’s America Party isn’t going so well
He’s said to be refocusing his attention on his companies instead. (WSJ $)

5 The White House has a TikTok account now
The very same TikTok that Donald Trump once tried to ban. (WP $)
+ What appears to have changed Congress’ stance? (The Verge)
+ There’s still no sign of a sale on the horizon. (The Guardian)

6 Nvidia is working on another chip for China
One that’s faster and more powerful than its current H20 model. (Reuters)

7 How AGI preppers are bracing themselves for an AI apocalypse
Some are spending all their retirement savings along the way. (Insider $)

8 Demand for critical minerals is soaring
Is there a less-invasive way to mine them? (New Scientist $)
+ The race to produce rare earth elements. (MIT Technology Review)

9 What’s an automaker CEO to do?
In our increasingly topsy turvy world, many of them feel like they can’t win. (Wired $)

10 This mattress company is building an AI agent for sleep
Eight Sleep’s agent could simulate digital twins of a user’s sleep habits. (The Information $)
+ I tried to hack my insomnia with technology. Here’s what worked. (MIT Technology Review)

Quote of the day

Too many cooks, too many kitchens.”

—Tech investor M.G. Siegler wryly comments on the news Meta is planning to restructure its AI division in a post on Bluesky.

One more thing

Responsible AI has a burnout problem

Margaret Mitchell had been working at Google for two years before she realized she needed a break. Only after she spoke with a therapist did she understand the problem: she was burnt out.

Mitchell, who now works as chief ethics scientist at the AI startup Hugging Face, is far from alone in her experience. Burnout is becoming increasingly common in responsible AI teams.

All the practitioners MIT Technology Review interviewed spoke enthusiastically about their work: it is fueled by passion, a sense of urgency, and the satisfaction of building solutions for real problems. But that sense of mission can be overwhelming without the right support. Read the full story

—Melissa Heikkilä

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CompTIA unveils AI prompting certification

IT training and certification provider CompTIA launched a new certification designed to help professionals develop and enhance artificial intelligence skills in prompt writing, AI collaboration, and the responsible use of AI. The AI Prompting Essentials certification program can help professionals learn how to identify tasks best suited to AI and

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VMware Explore preview: Customers are looking for VCF value

“This year’s VMware Explore theme, ‘Simplify Your Cloud. Architect Your Future,’ speaks to where we see customers going,” said Broadcom in a statement to Network World. “Customers are struggling with cloud complexity, AI adoption, and security demands – all at once. VMware Explore 2025 aims to provide them with the

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Halliburton to Provide Well Stimulation Services for ConocoPhillips

Halliburton said it was awarded a contract to deliver comprehensive well stimulation services to ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS to improve well performance and reservoir productivity. The contract spans five years and includes three optional extension periods, Halliburton said in a news release. Financial terms of the contract were not disclosed. Under

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IEA: Russian exports at risk from new sanctions

According to data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), Russian crude exports rose by 20,000 b/d m-o-m in July to 4.6 million b/d, 80,000 b/d higher than in July 2024. Product exports increased by 60,000 m-o-m b/d but were still 80,000 b/d lower than the previous year. The rise in oil export revenues was more significant, climbing 7% m-o-m due to higher prices and the additional day in July compared to June. Overall revenues grew by $900 million m-o-m to $14.3 billion, yet this figure remains $2.1 billion lower than the same period last year, marking the lowest revenue for July since 2021. Throughout July, Russian Urals crude prices stayed below the $60/bbl price cap, although the discount to North Sea Dated crude narrowed by $0.60 to $0.80/bbl, settling at around $11.90/bbl—one of the tightest margins since sanctions were initiated. Meanwhile, Eastern Siberia–Pacific Ocean (ESPO) crude prices rose faster than Urals, boosted by the strength of the market East of Suez, and exceeded the price cap again in July. Its discount to North Sea Dated narrowed by $1.70/bbl over the month. Urals discounts versus Dubai for deliveries on the west coast of India hit near parity in June, before easing in July. Strong sour crude demand sustained Urals values but discounts widened sharply in early August after new sanctions were announced. New sanctions On Jul. 18, the European Union (EU) approved its eighteenth set of measures targeting Russia. This package notably adjusted the crude price cap for seaborne Russian exports to track global crude prices and introduces an automatic mechanism that modifies the cap to ensure it remains effective. The new cap will come into effect on Sep.3 at $47.60/bbl, compared with $60/bbl currently. The Commission will recalculate the price cap as 15% below the average market price of Russian

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Federal court ends protections for lesser prairie chicken

A US federal court in Texas ended Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections for the lesser prairie chicken, overturning a US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) rule to safeguard the bird, which is found in the major oil- and gas-producing states of Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, New Mexico, and Colorado. US District Judge David Counts, writing for the court on Aug. 12, cited “serious, foundational defects” in the rule. He said, “mere remand [sending the rule back to FWS] would not cure this error.” Counts, a Trump appointee, backed the Trump administration’s FWS to immediately vacate the rule that listed the northern distinct population segment of the lesser prairie chicken as threatened and the southern population of the species as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). FWS reevaluated the rule in January 2025, after Trump was inaugurated. It found that the prior administration incorrectly applied the Discrete Population Segment (DPS) policy and failed to provide significant justification for the listings. DPS allows for the conservation and protection of specific, significant populations of animals, even if the entire species is not considered endangered or threatened. The FWS must prove that the population in question is discrete (distinct from other populations) and significant (important to the overall species) to apply the policy, conditions that the previous FWS failed to meet, according to the Trump administration’s FWS. The FWS “commits no handwaving when it also concedes that this failure causes the Final Listing Rule to be unlawful,” Counts wrote in the 18-page decision. He noted that under the Administrative Policy Act, courts must “set aside” actions “found to be . . . arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law,” as he did in this case. FWS first listed the lesser prairie chicken as a threatened species under the

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White House names Democrat David Rosner as FERC chairman

The White House named Democrat David Rosner as chair of the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) on Aug. 14, following the departure of Republican Chairman Mark from FERC on Aug. 8. Christie’s departure follows President Donald Trump’s decision, made earlier this year, not to reappoint him to another term (OGJ Online, Jun. 3, 2025). Rosner, who has been a commissioner at FERC since 2024, is a supporter of energy infrastructure. Rosner’s appointment is likely short-lived. Trump is expected to elevate one of the two Republicans he recently nominated to the commission. Both Laura Swett, a former FERC advisor and Vinson & Elkins attorney, and David LaCerte, principal White House liaison and senior advisor to the director of the Office of Personnel Management, are currently awaiting Senate confirmation hearings (OGJ Online, July 18, 2025). “I am honored to serve as Chairman and excited to continue working with my colleagues on the Commission and FERC’s extraordinary staff to enable reliable, affordable, and abundant energy for all Americans,” Rosner said in a statement. Prior to his FERC service, Rosner worked as an energy industry analyst for the commission and spent 2 years on detail to the US Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee’s Democratic staff under former Sen. Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.), who supported an energy infrastructure buildout. Rosner was previously a senior policy advisor for the US Department of Energy’s Office of Energy Policy and Systems Analysis and an associate director at the Bipartisan Policy Center’s energy project. FERC operates with a maximum of 5 members. After Christie’s departure, the commission, which regulates interstate natural gas pipeline projects, LNG plants, and the power grid, has only 3 members. In a statement, the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) congratulated Rosner on his appointment and urged the Senate to prioritize confirmation of

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ExxonMobil could invest up to $21.7 billion in new Trinidad deepwater oil and gas block

ExxonMobil signed a production sharing contract for a new deepwater block with the Government of Trinidad and Tobago. Blocks TTDA 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, and 23 will be consolidated into Block TTUD-1 off Trinidad’s east coast, according to a release by the Energy Chamber of Trinidad and Tobago. The combined block will cover more than 2,700 sq miles and is more than 6,500 ft deep, the Associated Press reported Aug. 12, citing government officials. ExxonMobil will shoot 5,500 sq km of 3D seismic in the block in the next 6-12 months and is expected to commit to drilling two exploration wells. If successful, ExxonMobil could invest up to $21.7 billion in the block, Reuters separately reported Aug. 12, citing Energy Minister Roodal Moonilal.  ExxonMobil will operate Block TTUD-1 with 100% interest.

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EIA: US natural gas storage levels exceed average through injection season

In its latest Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) forecasts that US working natural gas inventories will reach 3,872 bcf by end-October, about 2% more than the previous 5‑year average for that time of year. US natural gas inventories increased rapidly from late April through early June—a period marked by 7 consecutive weeks of net injections exceeding 100 bcf each, the first time since 2014. US natural gas production outpaced natural gas consumption during the start of the 2025 injection season. According to the Weekly Natural Gas Storage Report data, as of Aug. 8, total natural gas inventory was 7% above the 5‑year (2020–24) average. In contrast, at the beginning of this injection season—the week ending Mar. 28—inventory was 4% below average. EIA notes that weekly net injections exceeding 100 bcf in the Lower 48 states usually occur in about 3 weeks/year, based on data for the previous 5 years (2020–24). In 2025, however, through Aug. 8, such injections occurred for 7 consecutive weeks. Looking ahead, EIA anticipates smaller weekly injections through October, attributing this to increased natural gas use in power generation and greater exports of LNG. EIA also states that the South Central, Midwest, and East storage regions contributed most to the storage volume increases in recent months. EIA forecasts that inventory in the South Central region will remain above the 5‑year average through October and end the season at the highest level since 2016. For all other regions, inventories are expected to end October near their 5‑year average levels.

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Study finds data center colocation capacity near zero

Vacancy in the North American market has declined to a new record low of 2.3 percent, and JLL projects that figure will remain the same or go even further down from now through 2027. For comparison, the vacancy rate stood at 9.8 percent in 2020. As bad as the wait for data center capacity has become, the wait for power is even worse. The average wait time for a grid connection across North America is now four years, according to the report, with power delays representing a significant hurdle in efforts to alleviate the shortage of new colocation capacity. Most of the top markets have doubled or even tripled in size since 2020, with Columbus, Ohio leading the way with 1800% growth, followed by Austin/San Antonio at 500% growth. However, they started from a small base in 2020. In absolute terms, Northern Virginia (+3,975 MW), Dallas (+1,008 MW) and Atlanta (+828 MW) have seen the largest increase in capacity.

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HPEJ, JHPE or what?

The problem is that less than one-eighth of enterprises said that they believed HPE could justify the Juniper deal simply by having HPE salespeople sell Juniper gear. We can take JHPE off the table. But not the Mist influence. Nearly all the enterprises who offered comments on the deal want to see HPE expand Mist to include HPE management, becoming an element in a “full-stack observability” strategy, creating our “Mist4All” name. Three dozen told me that their sales team had suggested this would happen, but interestingly, none who also talked with HPE or Juniper executives said they repeated that promise. HPE’s problem is that only 11 of over 250 enterprises said a move to offer integrated AI observability would even make them consider switching from Cisco to the new company. The problem with vendor-specific observability like Mist4All is that you can’t introduce it incrementally; you need to fork-lift. Only one-fifth of enterprises thought HPE could justify the deal by integrating their own operations tools with Mist. Forget Mist4All, too. Which brings us to HPEJ. I don’t think there’s any question that the biggest driver in how the new venture positions itself is AI. AI is also the most likely near-term driver of incremental data center deployment, both among enterprises and among service providers, something Juniper’s AI-Native positioning aims to exploit and that competitors like Cisco and Extreme are countering. And, of course AI data centers obviously need servers, so HPE has its own interests here. That’s what creates the HPEJ/JHPE tension, but can shareholder value and customer interest be created by simply doubling down on what the companies were doing separately? Three enterprises who use both HPE and Juniper gear enough to get significant account attention from both say that Juniper’s people push AI hosting more than HPE does. Nobody

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Google bets on non-water-cooled nuclear reactors for data centers

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved construction of the Oak Ridge facility in November 2024, marking the first non-water-cooled reactor permitted in the US in more than 50 years. Kairos Power planned to increase the Hermes 2 reactor’s output from an originally planned 28 megawatts to 50 megawatts, with operations scheduled to begin in 2030. Google’s agreement extended to up to 500 megawatts of Kairos reactors by 2035, the statement added. Enterprise power crunch drives nuclear innovation The technology breakthrough comes at a critical time for enterprises facing explosive electricity demands from artificial intelligence operations. Data center electricity use rose from 58 terawatt-hours in 2014 to 176 TWh in 2023, and could reach between 325 and 580 TWh by 2028, according to Department of Energy projections. For context, a single graphics processing unit used for AI can consume as much electricity as a four-person household uses daily. Unlike renewable energy sources, nuclear reactors provide constant baseload power regardless of weather conditions — critical for data centers that operate around the clock. Google said it needed the nuclear power to support data centers in Montgomery County, Tennessee, and Jackson County, Alabama. The 50-megawatt output equals the electricity consumption of about 36,000 homes. “To power the future, we need to grow the availability of smart, firm energy sources,” Amanda Peterson Corio, Google’s global head of data center energy, said in the statement.

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Despite the hubbub, Intel is holding onto server market share

Server CPU shipments were “uninteresting,” as he put it, on a sequential basis, with neither supplier seeing much growth on quarter after last quarter’s atypical increase. On-year, the server market was up significantly but that’s because a year ago, the segment was near its cyclical lows and dealing with inventory adjustments. “Intel was able to sustain volumes in total server unit shipments by moving shipments to non-data center products, such as Xeon D in networking/storage servers, which they noted in their earnings call. That comes at a price; those products have much lower ASPs, so lower revenues, which is why Intel’s DCAI revenues were lower when units were flat,” McCarron told Network World. “Nothing really moves that fast in servers, and in general a ‘freefall’ can’t really happen outside of some systemic demand collapse event like 2008 was, as the rest of the industry realistically can’t absorb market share at an unlimited rate due to supply chain considerations,” he added. AMD’s server revenues hit a record high, but most of the revenue gains was from selling a higher mix of its new Turin core CPUs, and unit shipment growth was very modest. However, even with a 0.1-point increase in share, that means a new record high in AMD server sales. It now has 37.2% market share. Excluding IoT/SoC embedded products from consideration, Intel’s shipments slightly outgrew AMDs in the quarter resulting in Intel having a modest sequential share increase thanks in part to mobile CPU shipments, where Intel has solid products. AMD made a slight gain in desktops, where it is particularly strong. As for Arm, it showed strength in the server market thanks to Nvidia’s GB200 processors ramping up volumes. On the client side, Apple had slightly higher shipments in the second but that was offset by weakness in

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Cisco’s 9% security growth is misleadingly low

AI infrastructure ahead of plan and growing Cisco reported more than $800 million in AI infrastructure orders from webscale customers in the fourth quarter, bringing the total for 2025 to more than $2 billion, which is over 2x what the company originally projected. This is a mix of its own Nexus switches, optics, AI PODs, UCS servers and Silicon One. Success here is critical for Cisco, as at one time, the company had next to no business with the hyperscalers. The development of Silicon One was pivotal in Cisco’s success with this audience, as it’s given them market leading price performance. Cisco has also cultivated a partnership with Nvidia and is the only company to have its silicon integrated into the GPU maker’s Spectrum-X product. There is another wave of business coming for Cisco in this area selling AI infrastructure to non-hyperscalers. Robbins talked about this: “The Cisco Secure AI Factory with Nvidia provides a blueprint for building AI-ready data centers for enterprises, sovereign cloud providers and newly emerging neocloud providers. We expect the sovereign AI opportunity to build momentum in the second half of fiscal year ’26.” AI will drive campus upgrades Most of the focus of network growth in AI has been in the data center, as that’s where the growth has been. However, the traffic agentic AI creates will drive campus upgrades as well. On the call, Cisco showed a chart of traffic generated by chatbots pre and post agentic, and it shows Cisco is expecting agentic to drive a consistent level of traffic that most networks are not able to handle. Robbin explained: “Network traffic will not only increase beyond the peaks of current chatbot interaction but will remain consistently high with agents in constant interaction.” The impact of this is twofold. The bump in traffic

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Nvidia targets data center with new servers, AI software

More Nvidia news from SIGGRAPH The RTX Pro server wasn’t the only news at the show. Nvidia also announced two new models of its Nemotron model family – the Nemotron Nano 2 and Llama Nemotron Super 1.5 – with advanced reasoning capabilities for building smarter AI agents. Nemotron is a family of enterprise-ready, open large language models (LLM) designed to enhance agentic AI for tasks requiring sophisticated reasoning, instruction following, coding, tool use, and multimodal (text+vision) understanding. These models deliver high accuracy for their relative size in areas such as scientific reasoning, coding, tool use, instruction following and chat, according to Nvidia. They are designed to imbue AI agents with deeper cognitive abilities and help AI systems explore options, weigh decisions and deliver results within defined constraints. Nvidia claims Nemotron Nano 2 achieves up to six times higher token generation throughput compared to other models its size. Llama Nemotron Super 1.5 offers top-tier performance and leads in reasoning accuracy, making it suitable for handling complex enterprise tasks. Also, Nvidia is empowering robotics and machines to “see” and react to what they see with new AI models that can ingest visual information and think about said information. The vendor just announced Cosmos Reason, a new open, customizable 7 billion-parameter reasoning Vision Language Models, or VLMs. VLMs allow robots and vision agents to think about what they see, just like a human. Up to now, robots have had the ability to “see,” but their reaction to what they saw was extremely limited. A VLM provides robotics with the ability to think about their actions.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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