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The Download: Ukraine’s Starlink repair shop, and predicting solar storms

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. On the ground in Ukraine’s largest Starlink repair shop Starlink is absolutely critical to Ukraine’s ability to continue in the fight against Russia. It’s how troops in battle zones stay connected with faraway HQs; it’s how many of the drones essential to Ukraine’s survival hit their targets; it’s even how soldiers stay in touch with spouses and children back home.However, Donald Trump’s fickle foreign policy and reports suggesting Elon Musk might remove Ukraine’s access to the services have cast the technology’s future in the country into doubt.For now Starlink access largely comes down to the unofficial community of users and engineers, including the expert “Dr. Starlink”—famous for his creative ways of customizing the systems—who have kept Ukraine in the fight, both on and off the front line. Together, they have repaired and customized more than 15,000 terminals since the war began.Despite the pressure, the chance that they may lose access to Starlink was not worrying volunteers at the time of my visit; in our conversations, it was clear they had more pressing concerns than the whims of a foreign tech mogul. Russia continues to launch frequent aerial bombardments of Ukrainian cities, sometimes sending more than 500 drones in a single night.  The threat of involuntary mobilization to the front line looms on every street corner. How can one plan for a hypothetical future crisis when crisis defines every minute of one’s day? Read the full story. —Charlie Metcalfe This story is from our forthcoming print issue, which is all about security. If you haven’t already, subscribe now to receive future issues once they land. This article is also part of the Big Story series: MIT Technology Review’s most important, ambitious reporting. The stories in the series take a deep look at the technologies that are coming next and what they will mean for us and the world we live in. Check out the rest of them here. NASA’s new AI model can predict when a solar storm may strike NASA and IBM have released a new open-source machine learning model to help scientists better understand and predict the physics and weather patterns of the sun. Surya, trained on over a decade’s worth of NASA solar data, should help give scientists an early warning when a dangerous solar flare is likely to hit Earth. Solar storms occur when the sun erupts energy and particles into space. They can produce solar flares and slower-moving coronal mass ejections that can disrupt radio signals, flip computer bits onboard satellites, and endanger astronauts with bursts of radiation.  While there’s no way to prevent these sorts of effects, being able to predict when a large solar flare will occur could let people work around them. Read the full story. —Peter Hall Why recycling isn’t enough to address the plastic problem I remember using a princess toothbrush when I was little. The handle was purple, teal, and sparkly. Like most of the other pieces of plastic that have ever been made, it’s probably still out there somewhere, languishing in a landfill. (I just hope it’s not in the ocean.) I’ve been thinking about that toothbrush again this week after UN talks about a plastic treaty broke down on Friday. Nations had gotten together to try and write a binding treaty to address plastic waste, but negotiators left without a deal. Plastic is widely recognized as a huge source of environmental pollution—again, I’m wondering where that toothbrush is—but the material is also a contributor to climate change. Let’s dig into why talks fell apart and how we might address emissions from plastic. —Casey Crownhart This article is from The Spark, MIT Technology Review’s weekly climate newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Wednesday, sign up here. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 Google is betting that AI can help you take better photos So long as you don’t try zooming in on someone’s face, that is. (WP $)+ Gemini is getting a new audio model capable of detecting tone. (TechCrunch)+ Google’s AI efforts are certainly outpacing those of its hardware rival Apple. (Bloomberg $) 2 Meta’s AI hiring spree is on pauseInvestors are increasingly concerned by the mad sums being bandied about. (WSJ $) 3 China is preparing to show off its hypersonic missilesThe world will be watching its military parade closely next month. (FT $)+ Meanwhile, India has tested a missile that could hit deep into China. (The Guardian)+ Taiwan’s “silicon shield” could be weakening. (MIT Technology Review) 4 RFK Jr. wants to send you MAHA food boxesBut concrete details are light on the ground. (The Atlantic $)+ How MAHA is shaking up packaged goods’ supply chains. (Fortune $) 5 Extreme heat is driving cases of Legionnaire’s disease in NYCOlder air conditioning infrastructure is helping to spread dangerous bacteria. (Vox)+ A fifth person has died in connection with the current outbreak. (ABC News) 6 What it’s like to vibecode for a massive startupManaging AI coding apps is a whole lot like herding interns, supposedly. (Wired $)+ What is vibe coding, exactly? (MIT Technology Review) 7 Starship’s rocket launch could delay flights in FloridaEven after the launch is completed. (TechCrunch) 8 This app will help you find the sunniest spots in Paris ☀️The community-driven Jveuxdusoleil is updated in real time. (The Guardian) 9 The world’s only public diamond mine is in Arkansas 💎Visitors have unearthed more than 35,000 precious gems since it opened. (Ars Technica) 10 It turns out Uranus had a hidden moon all alongAnd many more may be discovered in the future. (NYT $)+ It’s the 29th known satellite to orbit the planet. (Scientific American $)+ The moon is just the beginning for this waterless concrete. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “It jumbles my freaking nugget that people can look at a squat and not understand how it’s supposed to look. You don’t need AI to do that.” —Andrew Hiller, a CrossFit coach and critic of poorly-executed squats, tells the New York Times why doing away with vigilant human judges for the popular fitness race Hyrox would be a mistake. One more thing Are friends electric?Thankfully, the difference between humans and machines in the real world is easy to discern, at least for now. While machines tend to excel at things adults find difficult—playing world-champion-level chess, say, or multiplying really big numbers—they find it hard to accomplish stuff a five-year-old can do with ease, such as catching a ball or walking around a room without bumping into things.This fundamental tension—what is hard for humans is easy for machines, and what’s hard for machines is easy for humans—is at the heart of three new books delving into our complex and often fraught relationship with robots, AI, and automation. They force us to reimagine the nature of everything from friendship and love to work, health care, and home life. Read the full story. —Bryan Gardiner

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

On the ground in Ukraine’s largest Starlink repair shop

Starlink is absolutely critical to Ukraine’s ability to continue in the fight against Russia. It’s how troops in battle zones stay connected with faraway HQs; it’s how many of the drones essential to Ukraine’s survival hit their targets; it’s even how soldiers stay in touch with spouses and children back home.

However, Donald Trump’s fickle foreign policy and reports suggesting Elon Musk might remove Ukraine’s access to the services have cast the technology’s future in the country into doubt.

For now Starlink access largely comes down to the unofficial community of users and engineers, including the expert “Dr. Starlink”—famous for his creative ways of customizing the systems—who have kept Ukraine in the fight, both on and off the front line. Together, they have repaired and customized more than 15,000 terminals since the war began.

Despite the pressure, the chance that they may lose access to Starlink was not worrying volunteers at the time of my visit; in our conversations, it was clear they had more pressing concerns than the whims of a foreign tech mogul. Russia continues to launch frequent aerial bombardments of Ukrainian cities, sometimes sending more than 500 drones in a single night. 

The threat of involuntary mobilization to the front line looms on every street corner. How can one plan for a hypothetical future crisis when crisis defines every minute of one’s day? Read the full story.

—Charlie Metcalfe

This story is from our forthcoming print issue, which is all about security. If you haven’t already, subscribe now to receive future issues once they land.

This article is also part of the Big Story series: MIT Technology Review’s most important, ambitious reporting. The stories in the series take a deep look at the technologies that are coming next and what they will mean for us and the world we live in. Check out the rest of them here.

NASA’s new AI model can predict when a solar storm may strike

NASA and IBM have released a new open-source machine learning model to help scientists better understand and predict the physics and weather patterns of the sun. Surya, trained on over a decade’s worth of NASA solar data, should help give scientists an early warning when a dangerous solar flare is likely to hit Earth.

Solar storms occur when the sun erupts energy and particles into space. They can produce solar flares and slower-moving coronal mass ejections that can disrupt radio signals, flip computer bits onboard satellites, and endanger astronauts with bursts of radiation. 

While there’s no way to prevent these sorts of effects, being able to predict when a large solar flare will occur could let people work around them. Read the full story.

—Peter Hall

Why recycling isn’t enough to address the plastic problem

I remember using a princess toothbrush when I was little. The handle was purple, teal, and sparkly. Like most of the other pieces of plastic that have ever been made, it’s probably still out there somewhere, languishing in a landfill. (I just hope it’s not in the ocean.)

I’ve been thinking about that toothbrush again this week after UN talks about a plastic treaty broke down on Friday. Nations had gotten together to try and write a binding treaty to address plastic waste, but negotiators left without a deal.

Plastic is widely recognized as a huge source of environmental pollution—again, I’m wondering where that toothbrush is—but the material is also a contributor to climate change. Let’s dig into why talks fell apart and how we might address emissions from plastic.

—Casey Crownhart

This article is from The Spark, MIT Technology Review’s weekly climate newsletter. To receive it in your inbox every Wednesday, sign up here.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 Google is betting that AI can help you take better photos

So long as you don’t try zooming in on someone’s face, that is. (WP $)
+ Gemini is getting a new audio model capable of detecting tone. (TechCrunch)
+ Google’s AI efforts are certainly outpacing those of its hardware rival Apple. (Bloomberg $)

2 Meta’s AI hiring spree is on pause
Investors are increasingly concerned by the mad sums being bandied about. (WSJ $)

3 China is preparing to show off its hypersonic missiles
The world will be watching its military parade closely next month. (FT $)
+ Meanwhile, India has tested a missile that could hit deep into China. (The Guardian)
+ Taiwan’s “silicon shield” could be weakening. (MIT Technology Review)

4 RFK Jr. wants to send you MAHA food boxes
But concrete details are light on the ground. (The Atlantic $)
+ How MAHA is shaking up packaged goods’ supply chains. (Fortune $)

5 Extreme heat is driving cases of Legionnaire’s disease in NYC
Older air conditioning infrastructure is helping to spread dangerous bacteria. (Vox)
+ A fifth person has died in connection with the current outbreak. (ABC News)

6 What it’s like to vibecode for a massive startup
Managing AI coding apps is a whole lot like herding interns, supposedly. (Wired $)
+ What is vibe coding, exactly? (MIT Technology Review)

7 Starship’s rocket launch could delay flights in Florida
Even after the launch is completed. (TechCrunch)

8 This app will help you find the sunniest spots in Paris ☀️
The community-driven Jveuxdusoleil is updated in real time. (The Guardian)

9 The world’s only public diamond mine is in Arkansas 💎
Visitors have unearthed more than 35,000 precious gems since it opened. (Ars Technica)

10 It turns out Uranus had a hidden moon all along
And many more may be discovered in the future. (NYT $)
+ It’s the 29th known satellite to orbit the planet. (Scientific American $)
+ The moon is just the beginning for this waterless concrete. (MIT Technology Review)

Quote of the day

“It jumbles my freaking nugget that people can look at a squat and not understand how it’s supposed to look. You don’t need AI to do that.”

—Andrew Hiller, a CrossFit coach and critic of poorly-executed squats, tells the New York Times why doing away with vigilant human judges for the popular fitness race Hyrox would be a mistake.

One more thing

Are friends electric?

Thankfully, the difference between humans and machines in the real world is easy to discern, at least for now. While machines tend to excel at things adults find difficult—playing world-champion-level chess, say, or multiplying really big numbers—they find it hard to accomplish stuff a five-year-old can do with ease, such as catching a ball or walking around a room without bumping into things.

This fundamental tension—what is hard for humans is easy for machines, and what’s hard for machines is easy for humans—is at the heart of three new books delving into our complex and often fraught relationship with robots, AI, and automation. They force us to reimagine the nature of everything from friendship and love to work, health care, and home life. Read the full story.

—Bryan Gardiner

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CompTIA unveils AI prompting certification

IT training and certification provider CompTIA launched a new certification designed to help professionals develop and enhance artificial intelligence skills in prompt writing, AI collaboration, and the responsible use of AI. The AI Prompting Essentials certification program can help professionals learn how to identify tasks best suited to AI and

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VMware Explore preview: Customers are looking for VCF value

“This year’s VMware Explore theme, ‘Simplify Your Cloud. Architect Your Future,’ speaks to where we see customers going,” said Broadcom in a statement to Network World. “Customers are struggling with cloud complexity, AI adoption, and security demands – all at once. VMware Explore 2025 aims to provide them with the

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Halliburton to Provide Well Stimulation Services for ConocoPhillips

Halliburton said it was awarded a contract to deliver comprehensive well stimulation services to ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS to improve well performance and reservoir productivity. The contract spans five years and includes three optional extension periods, Halliburton said in a news release. Financial terms of the contract were not disclosed. Under

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EU, US Chart Next Steps on Trade Pact

The US and European Union took the next steps to formalize their trade pact, detailing plans that could reduce tariffs on European automobiles within weeks while opening the door to new potential discounts for steel and aluminum. The joint statement issued Thursday advances the preliminary deal announced a month ago, by including specific benchmarks for the EU to secure its promised sectoral tariff discounts on cars, pharmaceuticals and semiconductors, as well as new commitments to cooperate on economic security matters, food standards and digital trade. President Donald Trump has repeatedly praised the sweeping US-EU trade framework, extolling it as “a big deal” in a Monday White House meeting with foreign leaders including European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen.  The deal provides predictability and “delivers for our citizens & companies, and strengthens transatlantic relations,” von der Leyen said in a post on the social-media platform X. The development underscores the nature of trade talks under Trump, with some initial, broad pronouncements of deals giving way to weeks – or more – of work to hammer out detailed agreements. Many of them are also tied to sweeping policy changes that could take time to materialize. For example, Trump already imposed a flat 15 percent rate on most European goods – half the 30 percent he’d previously threatened. But the US promise to extend that lower levy to autos and auto parts now hinges on the EU formally introducing a legislative proposal to eliminate a host of its own tariffs on US industrial goods and provide “preferential market access” for some US seafood and agricultural products. Car Relief The statement outlines choreographed action on both sides of the Atlantic, with the US codifying reduced auto tariffs once the EU “formally introduces the necessary legislative proposal to enact” its own promised tariff reductions. The discounted 15 percent tariffs on

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FBI, Cisco warn of Russia-linked hackers targeting critical infrastructure organizations

Hackers linked to the Russian government have been exploiting a vulnerability in Cisco networking devices to target critical infrastructure organizations, the FBI said on Wednesday. “In the past year, the FBI detected the actors collecting configuration files for thousands of networking devices associated with US entities across critical infrastructure sectors,” the bureau said in an alert. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency lists energy among 16 critical infrastructure sectors. The hackers, whom the FBI linked to the Russian Federal Security Service’s Center 16, have been taking advantage of a bug in Cisco’s IOS software, tracked as CVE-2018-0171, to execute arbitrary code on unpatched and end-of-life network switches made by Cisco and Rockwell Automation. In some cases, the attackers modified configuration files to gain access to the devices and conduct reconnaissance focused on “protocols and applications commonly associated with industrial control systems,” according to the FBI. FSB, aka Berserk Bear, Dragonfly The FSB’s Center 16, which has conducted operations that researchers track using the names “Berserk Bear” and “Dragonfly,” has spent more than a decade penetrating computer systems by exploiting networking devices’ use of unencrypted protocols, the FBI said. Cisco researchers on Wednesday published their own account of the Russia-linked group, which they call Static Tundra. The group focuses on telecommunications, education and manufacturing organizations around the world, Cisco said, “with victims selected based on their strategic interest to the Russian government,” mostly in Ukraine and its allies. Both the FBI and Cisco linked the FSB’s Center 16 to the SYNful Knock malware, which Google detected in four countries, including Ukraine, in 2015. Cisco said the group’s operations against Ukrainian targets have increased significantly since Moscow expanded its invasion of Ukraine in 2022. “Static Tundra was observed compromising Ukrainian organizations in multiple verticals,” Cisco said, “as opposed to previously more limited,

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PJM surplus interconnection can support 153 GW of solar, wind, storage: UC Berkeley researchers

Thermal and renewable energy generating facilities in the PJM Interconnection have surplus interconnection capacity that could support about 153 GW of solar, wind and storage, according to a working paper released by University of California, Berkeley, researchers earlier this month. However, the loss of Inflation Reduction Act clean energy tax credits reduces the total renewable energy and storage potential that could economically be built using the surplus capacity to about 106 GW, according to the study. PJM had a peak load of about 160 GW on June 23, during a heat wave. The analysis comes as PJM has been warning it may lack sufficient power supplies to meet growing electric demand, mainly driven by data center development. Taking advantage of existing, but little-used, interconnection capacity could allow PJM to meet its near-term needs with solar and storage, which can be built within two years compared with up to about seven years for a gas-fired power plant, according to Umed Paliwal, one of the report’s authors and a senior scientist at Berkeley’s Goldman School of Public Policy. “We need firm capacity in the PJM grid in the next three to four years,” Paliwal said Tuesday. PJM has about 52 GW of thermal power plants with 15% capacity factors — a measure of how often a power plant runs — as well as 25 GW of solar and wind projects, which operate at 19% and 16% capacity factors, respectively, leaving significant amounts of unused interconnection capacity at those sites, according to the study. The underused points of interconnection at the thermal plants could support about 74 GW of solar and 5 GW of wind by 2030, according to the study. Also, adding about 23 GW of 6-hour battery storage at existing renewable energy sites could support an additional 28 GW of solar

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Managed EV charging could generate $30B in annual savings by 2035: report

Dive Brief: Managed charging programs can turn flexible electric vehicle loads into a grid resource capable of generating $30 billion in annual utility savings, according to research from ev.energy, a managed charging provider in the United States, and The Brattle Group. Each actively managed vehicle can create up to $575 in avoided costs for utilities, leading to a 10% reduction in all customer electric bills by 2035 — whether they own an EV or not, according to the report. Programs that include a vehicle-to-grid bidirectional charging component could more than double the benefits. While bidirectional programs are still grappling with technical and policy challenges, managed charging is ready for full deployment, ev.energy CEO Nick Woolley said in an interview. “From a regulatory perspective, we don’t need to do more pilots. We need to scale these programs,” he said. Dive Insight: Demand from growing EV adoption is beginning to show up on the electric grid, creating simultaneous opportunities and hurdles for utilities, Woolley said. Absent a proactive approach to managing the demand, power companies will face premature transformer failures, require emergency system upgrades and see customer bills rise higher, according to the report. With managed charging, they can create a more decentralized, optimized and affordable grid. “The biggest source of demand growth is going to be electric vehicles on the energy system in the 2030s, and that really means, from a utility perspective, that if they don’t control and manage that resource, they could end up building lots of expensive additional generation to meet the demand,” Woolley said. Last year, an NREL report looking out to 2050 noted that “EVs are expected to be the largest source of electricity demand growth, and will require investments in generation, transmission, and distribution systems.” It also said that smart integration of EVs “can strengthen the grid by providing

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Turkey Set for Deal to Explore Gas in Libyan Waters

Libya’s eastern parliament is poised to let Turkey explore for energy in the North African nation’s waters, according to people familiar with the matter, in what would be a dramatic about-face that’s the latest sign of warming ties between Ankara and the region. The House of Representatives in Benghazi is set to vote in the coming weeks on the 2019 pact that set out the terms of an exploration agreement, said people in Turkey and Libya familiar with the deliberations. Most obstacles to the accord have been removed, they said, declining to be identified because of the sensitivity of the issue. The war-torn OPEC member is split between rival administrations in Benghazi and the western capital, Tripoli. The latter has strong relations with Turkey and already supports the deal, but staunch opposition from the east – where military commander Khalifa Haftar’s Libyan National Army holds sway – has hitherto prevented its enactment. If approved, the agreement could kickstart oil and gas exploration by Turkish ships in a swathe of territory between Crete and Turkey, reinforcing Ankara’s claims in the eastern Mediterranean. That risks inflaming a dispute with Greece and Cyprus, which accuse Turkey of a bid for dominance in contested waters.  Eastern Libya’s change of tack speaks to a new detente between Turkey and Haftar, who fought on opposing sides of a months-long battle for the Libyan capital in 2019 and 2020. Turkey militarily backed a previous Islamist-leaning government in Tripoli that Haftar – who counted the United Arab Emirates, Egypt and Russia among his allies – unsuccessfully sought to overthrow. A United Nations-supported peace drive installed a new premier, Abdul Hamid Dbeibah, but has failed to mend the split. The Tripoli-based government and the east have periodic spats over revenue from Africa’s largest oil reserves and control of vital state institutions, although there’s

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Energy Secretary Issues Order to Secure Grid Reliability in Midwest

Emergency order minimizes the risk of power outages and addresses critical grid security issues in the Midwestern region of the United States. WASHINGTON—U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright issued an emergency order to minimize the risk of power outages and address critical grid security issues in the Midwestern region of the United States. Secretary Wright’s order directs the Midcontinent Independent System Operator (MISO), in coordination with Consumers Energy, to ensure that the J.H. Campbell coal-fired power plant in West Olive, Michigan remains available for operation. Additionally, MISO is directed to take every step to minimize cost to the American people. Since DOE’s original order was issued on May 23, the Campbell plant has proven critical to MISO’s operations, operating regularly during periods of high energy demand and low levels of intermittent energy production. The Campbell Plant was scheduled to shut down on May 31, which is 15 years before the end of its scheduled design life. “The United States continues to face an energy emergency, with some regions experiencing more capacity constraints than others. With electricity demand increasing, we must put an end to the dangerous energy subtraction policies embraced by politicians for too long,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright. “This order will help ensure millions of Americans can continue to access affordable, reliable, and secure baseload power regardless of whether the wind is blowing or the sun is shining.” As outlined in DOE’s Grid Reliability Evaluation, power outages could increase by 100 times in 2030 if the U.S. continues to take reliable power offline. The emergency conditions that led to the issuance of the original order persist. This order is in effect beginning on August 21, 2025, and continuing until November 19, 2025.  BACKGROUND: The May 2025 NERC Summer Reliability Assessment referenced a Seasonal Outlook issued by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) on April 17, 2025, which

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Fluke Networks expands testing to help ease data center networking challenges

High-density fiber connections amplify contamination risks The shift toward higher-density fiber connections has significantly complicated contamination control. Modern array connectors can house up to 24 individual fibers within a single connection point. In contrast, traditional duplex connections contained just two fibers. “The slightest little bit of dust on one of those nine micron wide fibers, which, by the way, is much smaller than a human hair, the slightest little bit of dust on any one of the 24 in that connector, and it’s not going to work,” Mullins explained.  The inspection and cleaning requirements extend beyond traditional fiber testing. Each kit includes cleaning and inspection capabilities. Mullins noted that many technicians take shortcuts on fiber preparation.  “Cleaning and inspecting a fiber, every time you unplug it and plug it back in, adds, like another minute worth of work. But you know what? If you don’t do it, you’re gonna pay for it down the road,” he said. Cable identification a persistent challenge In addition to the new kits, Fluke Networks is also continuing to help solve other persistent networking issues. Physical cable identification continues to plague data center operations despite advances in network management and monitoring. Fluke’s solutions address this through multiple approaches. These include tone and probe technology, remote identification systems, and active network port discovery.

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Cisco ties storage networking gear to IBM z17 mainframe

“IBM Z systems are mainframes known for their ability to handle massive transaction volumes, support large-scale databases, and provide unmatched levels of security and uptime,” wrote Fausto Vaninetti, a senior solutions engineer for data center technologies at Cisco, in a blog post about the news. “The newest in the IBM Z system family, IBM z17 is the first mainframe fully engineered for the AI age, unlocking expanded capabilities for enterprise-scale AI, such as large language models, generative AI, and accelerated inferencing. However, the performance of mainframe applications depends on the underlying storage infrastructure.” SANs play a critical role in ensuring fast, reliable, and secure access to data, Vaninetti wrote: “For mainframe environments, which leverage high-speed [Fibre Connection] FICON protocol, having a robust SAN fabric that supports these requirements is non-negotiable. A solution that combines high throughput, low latency, and enterprise-class resilience is vital to ensure seamless operations and meet stringent service-level agreement requirements.” According to Vaninetti, some standout features of the MDS 9000 Series for mainframe environments include:

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Scaling Up: Tract’s Master-Planned Land and Infrastructure Approach to Data Center Development

With the rapid growth of physical data center infrastructure, it’s no surprise that a niche market has emerged for companies specializing in land acquisition. Reports of massive property purchases by firms planning new facilities appear almost daily—and so do accounts of the challenges developers face before the first shovel hits the ground. As parcel sizes grow and power and water demands intensify, the complexities of acquiring and preparing these sites have only increased. Tract is a leader in this space. The Denver-based company develops master-planned data center parks, with more than 25,000 acres of potential sites under its control and plans to support over 25 GW of workload capacity. To put that into perspective, 25,000 acres is roughly 40 square miles—about two-thirds the land area of Washington, D.C., or, for European readers, two-thirds the size of Liechtenstein. Building Shovel-Ready Megasites Rather than waiting for developers to come knocking, Tract takes a proactive approach, built on the core belief that the future of data center growth lies in pre-entitled, zoned, and infrastructure-ready megasites. The company works years in advance to deliver shovel-ready campuses with reliable energy, fiber connectivity, and municipal cooperation already in place. Its model emphasizes strategic land aggregation in high-growth regions, the cultivation of long-term relationships with utilities and governments, and master planning for power, cooling, transportation, and sustainability. This integrated approach positions Tract to deliver both speed and certainty to hyperscale project developers—at scale. Tract’s leadership team brings deep industry experience. Founder and Executive Chairman Grant van Rooyen previously led acquisitions and expansions at Cologix and Teraco. President Matt Spencer brings more than 35 years of telecom and infrastructure leadership, while Chief Energy Officer Nat Sahlstrom, former head of Amazon’s global energy, water, and sustainability teams, helped make Amazon the world’s largest buyer of renewable energy. Backed by

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When Communities Push Back: Navigating Data Center Opposition

2025 has been a landmark year for data center development. The rise of the AI Factory and AI-driven data center designs has made announcements of massive new complexes routine, with claims and certainties that these facilities will require hundreds of megawatts of power scarcely raising an industry eyebrow. At the same time, opposition is becoming more organized, often forming unexpected alliances. Even in an era of clear political alignment around certain causes, blocking data center projects has emerged as a bipartisan concern among voters. In the past several months, as data center projects in the gigawatt range have been announced, significant behind-the-scenes opposition has been building, from local grassroots organizations to state legislatures crafting new guidelines for data center development. Rising Community Opposition In 2025, multiple communities across the U.S., from Northern Virginia to Indiana, Texas, Arizona, Georgia, and Alabama, have effectively organized to challenge proposed data center developments. Some campaigns have already succeeded in delaying or derailing projects, while others are still building momentum. A report from Data Center Watch, covering the period from May 2024 to March 2025, estimates that billions in data center investment have already been affected by local resistance: $18 billion in projects were blocked, and another $46 billion faced delays. Whether these trends will represent a lasting constraint on the AI-driven data center boom remains unclear, but one point is certain: organized community action has become a central front in the debate over digital infrastructure in America. The Data Center Watch report also identified 142 activist groups across 24 states actively opposing data center projects. While opposition is largely local in focus, the nature of the concerns has remained relatively consistent, with activism often coalescing quickly into organized groups (such as the Coalition to Protect Prince William County, No Desert Data Center, and Protect

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Study finds data center colocation capacity near zero

Vacancy in the North American market has declined to a new record low of 2.3 percent, and JLL projects that figure will remain the same or go even further down from now through 2027. For comparison, the vacancy rate stood at 9.8 percent in 2020. As bad as the wait for data center capacity has become, the wait for power is even worse. The average wait time for a grid connection across North America is now four years, according to the report, with power delays representing a significant hurdle in efforts to alleviate the shortage of new colocation capacity. Most of the top markets have doubled or even tripled in size since 2020, with Columbus, Ohio leading the way with 1800% growth, followed by Austin/San Antonio at 500% growth. However, they started from a small base in 2020. In absolute terms, Northern Virginia (+3,975 MW), Dallas (+1,008 MW) and Atlanta (+828 MW) have seen the largest increase in capacity.

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HPEJ, JHPE or what?

The problem is that less than one-eighth of enterprises said that they believed HPE could justify the Juniper deal simply by having HPE salespeople sell Juniper gear. We can take JHPE off the table. But not the Mist influence. Nearly all the enterprises who offered comments on the deal want to see HPE expand Mist to include HPE management, becoming an element in a “full-stack observability” strategy, creating our “Mist4All” name. Three dozen told me that their sales team had suggested this would happen, but interestingly, none who also talked with HPE or Juniper executives said they repeated that promise. HPE’s problem is that only 11 of over 250 enterprises said a move to offer integrated AI observability would even make them consider switching from Cisco to the new company. The problem with vendor-specific observability like Mist4All is that you can’t introduce it incrementally; you need to fork-lift. Only one-fifth of enterprises thought HPE could justify the deal by integrating their own operations tools with Mist. Forget Mist4All, too. Which brings us to HPEJ. I don’t think there’s any question that the biggest driver in how the new venture positions itself is AI. AI is also the most likely near-term driver of incremental data center deployment, both among enterprises and among service providers, something Juniper’s AI-Native positioning aims to exploit and that competitors like Cisco and Extreme are countering. And, of course AI data centers obviously need servers, so HPE has its own interests here. That’s what creates the HPEJ/JHPE tension, but can shareholder value and customer interest be created by simply doubling down on what the companies were doing separately? Three enterprises who use both HPE and Juniper gear enough to get significant account attention from both say that Juniper’s people push AI hosting more than HPE does. Nobody

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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