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USA Tariffs Prompt Criticism at Houston Energy Industry Gathering

The imminent impact of US trade tariffs elicited concern from company executives and sharp words from Canadian government officials at a major energy industry conference Tuesday. During an all-Canadian energy panel at the CERAWeek by S&P Global event in Houston, speakers veered between venting frustration and anger at the tariffs and urging fellow Canadians to […]

The imminent impact of US trade tariffs elicited concern from company executives and sharp words from Canadian government officials at a major energy industry conference Tuesday.

During an all-Canadian energy panel at the CERAWeek by S&P Global event in Houston, speakers veered between venting frustration and anger at the tariffs and urging fellow Canadians to seek new, alternative trading partners to the US.

Ontario Energy Minister Stephen Lecce described US President Donald Trump’s policy as an unjust “attack” that will damage the economies of both nations. Saskatchewan’s Premier Scott Moe said the emerging trade war has triggered “disbelief and shock” in Canada and even “a little bit of anger.”

“Friends don’t do that to friends,” said Brian Jean, the minister of energy and minerals for oil-rich Alberta.

Canadian government officials have been highly visible at CERAWeek since it started Monday. Alberta Premier Danielle Smith kicked off the week with a press briefing, getting in ahead of US Energy Secretary Chris Wright’s keynote speech. She said she doesn’t foresee a slowdown in Canadian oil output, despite tariffs being imposed on its crude shipments south of the border. 

Tensions between the two nations rose Tuesday after Trump said he would impose tariffs of 50% on Canadian metals, in response to Ontario imposing a 25% surcharge on electricity sent to US states. Later in the day, Ontario suspended its plan, while the White House said it will go ahead with 25% tariffs on metals from Canada and other countries, starting at midnight.

The tariffs promise to raise costs for energy companies building infrastructure in the US. Tenaris SA, one of the largest suppliers of steel pipe to domestic oil and gas companies, said the industry needs to explain the consequences to the Trump administration.

“Putting tariffs on this product is a useless burden for our customers and is not helping the domestic industry,” Tenaris US president Luca Zanotti told conference attendees. Chad Zamarin, executive vice president at US pipeline operator Williams Cos., also expressed concern about price increases.

The US oil and gas industry is seeking exemptions from tariffs on metals, Erik Milito, the president of Washington-based trade group the National Ocean Industries Association, said in an interview.

Tariffs are also weighing on broader market sentiment. Trading house Vitol Group’s boss Russell Hardy said they have destabilized commodity prices. TotalEnergies SE Chief Executive Officer Patrick Pouyanné said the tariffs create uncertainty and easing those concerns “would be the best thing to do to avoid a recession.”

“Markets are saying, ‘we don’t like uncertainty,’” Pouyanné said.

Some of the Canadian officials on the conference panel looked for a silver lining. Canadians “almost needed this kick in the butt” to become less reliant on the US, Ontario’s Lecce said.

“We need to be more competitive, and we are doing exactly that,” Alberta’s Jean said.



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Intel taps semiconductor veteran Lip-Bu Tan as new CEO

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Utilities should consider heat pump-specific rates to encourage adoption: ACEEE

Utilities looking to encourage the adoption of heat pumps for home heating should consider rates specific to the new technology, particularly those in colder climates, the American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy said in research published Tuesday. “Heat pump-specific rate plans are best for incentivizing heat pump adoption, with winter discounts being a potentially important facet of those plans,” the report concluded. A winter electricity discount “is a key rate structure change for ensuring energy bills do not increase in cold climates, which is where (in the United States) the economics of heat pumps are most challenged,” the report found. Time-of-use and demand-based rate plans “can also help reduce ongoing costs for heat pump users.” The Inflation Reduction Act provided billions for electrification efforts, including the purchase of heat pumps. Most of those funds have already been distributed to states, experts told Utility Dive, though President Trump’s efforts to halt IRA programs and claw back funding has injected uncertainty into the clean energy space. ACEEE’s heat pump research published this week is focused on their potential impact on electricity bills. “Pairing heat pump installation with energy efficiency envelope upgrades further decreases ongoing electricity bills,” the report said. It also noted that flat-rate electricity rate plans increase costs for heat pump users.  The conclusions are “commonsense,” ACEEE said, and come at a time when more utilities are offering time-varying and technology-specific rares. However, flat volumetric electricity rates remain common across the U.S.; according to Brattle Group, less than 10% of households were on a TOU rate in 2021 and the number was on pace to reach 35% by the end of the decade. “We know that heat pumps cut climate pollution and can reduce home energy costs, even in the coldest states,” said Matt Malinowski, an author of the report and

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USA Tariffs Prompt Criticism at Houston Energy Industry Gathering

The imminent impact of US trade tariffs elicited concern from company executives and sharp words from Canadian government officials at a major energy industry conference Tuesday. During an all-Canadian energy panel at the CERAWeek by S&P Global event in Houston, speakers veered between venting frustration and anger at the tariffs and urging fellow Canadians to seek new, alternative trading partners to the US. Ontario Energy Minister Stephen Lecce described US President Donald Trump’s policy as an unjust “attack” that will damage the economies of both nations. Saskatchewan’s Premier Scott Moe said the emerging trade war has triggered “disbelief and shock” in Canada and even “a little bit of anger.” “Friends don’t do that to friends,” said Brian Jean, the minister of energy and minerals for oil-rich Alberta. Canadian government officials have been highly visible at CERAWeek since it started Monday. Alberta Premier Danielle Smith kicked off the week with a press briefing, getting in ahead of US Energy Secretary Chris Wright’s keynote speech. She said she doesn’t foresee a slowdown in Canadian oil output, despite tariffs being imposed on its crude shipments south of the border.  Tensions between the two nations rose Tuesday after Trump said he would impose tariffs of 50% on Canadian metals, in response to Ontario imposing a 25% surcharge on electricity sent to US states. Later in the day, Ontario suspended its plan, while the White House said it will go ahead with 25% tariffs on metals from Canada and other countries, starting at midnight. The tariffs promise to raise costs for energy companies building infrastructure in the US. Tenaris SA, one of the largest suppliers of steel pipe to domestic oil and gas companies, said the industry needs to explain the consequences to the Trump administration. “Putting tariffs on this product is a useless burden for

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Oil Rebounds on Softer Inflation and Tightening Market Outlook

Oil extended gains as a stream of bullish data out of the US pointed to resilient domestic demand, even as trade strife continued to weigh on sentiment. West Texas Intermediate rose 2.2% to settle near $68 a barrel, continuing a rebound from oversold territory, while Brent settled just below $71. US consumer prices rose at the slowest pace in four months in February, offering a reprieve after months of stalling inflation progress. At the same time, US government figures Wednesday showed gasoline demand is up to 9.2 million barrels a day, the highest level since November. The nation’s oil inventories gained by 1.5 million barrels, a smaller buildup than the 4.2-million-barrel increase projected by an industry group, while reserves fell at the Cushing hub. Still, futures remain far below their mid-January highs on the chaotic rollout of US tariffs, OPEC+ plans to add supply and a weakening demand outlook in China. Limiting gains on Wednesday were reports that the cartel’s crude production surged last month as Kazakhstan further breached its output quota, though the nation agreed on Wednesday to adhere to the limit in the near future. “Crude is rallying amid a risk-on sentiment following a softer CPI print, as it continues to trade within the vortex of macro-driven moves,” said Rebecca Babin, senior energy trader at CIBC Private Wealth Group. “The latest OPEC report highlights overproduction by several members, but the market remains firmly focused on broader macroeconomic dynamics.” Geopolitical concerns also remain front and center. Ukraine has accepted a US proposal for a 30-day truce with Russia that raises the possibility of a pause of hostilities in the three-year-old war. Meanwhile, Iran Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei said US efforts to kickstart nuclear talks with the Islamic Republic are a ploy that will lead to tighter sanctions on

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West of Orkney wind farm secures Highland Council offshore approval

The Highland Council has given its approval to the offshore application for the 2GW West of Orkney wind farm. The plan outlines how the proposed wind farm, which aims to install up to 125 turbines on fixed foundations around 18.5 miles (30km) off the west coast of Orkney and around 15.5 miles (25km) from the north Sutherland coast, will be constructed. In addition, the application covers additional environmental information based on a two and a half years’ worth of survey data. The offshore application is still awaiting a final decision, which will be made by Scottish Ministers following recommendations by the Marine Directorate Licensing Operations Team (MD-LOT). West of Orkney wind farm development manager Jack Farnham said: “This paves the way to full offshore consent which, if secured, would enable us to enter into a forthcoming UK ‘contract for difference’ auction round – which is a vital step in the advancement of both the project and its supply chain. “The West of Orkney wind farm is a major energy infrastructure scheme which can bring significant long-term economic benefits to the north of Scotland and beyond. We will continue to work on achieving the critical remaining project milestones in order to generate clean power by 2030.” The West of Orkney wind farm is being developed by Corio Generation, TotalEnergies and Renewable Infrastructure Development Group (RIDG). As one of the leaders of the ScotWind cohort, it was the first among the projects to simultaneously submit both an offshore consent application to Scottish Ministers and an onshore planning application to the Highland Council in 2023. In 2024, the Highland Council approved the project’s onshore plans, which outlined the underground cables and electrical infrastructure required to connect the wind farm to the national transmission network. This included proposed cable landfalls on the north Caithness

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How EV charging is powering the UK’s EV transition

Power up your listening with the latest podcast from Energy Voice. In this latest episode in partnership with SSE, Mathew Perry talks to Deepa Chandrasekaran, managing director of Source, a charging hub joint venture between SSE and TotalEnergies and Sharon Treharne from ChargeUK, the voice of the EV charging industry. Together they explore the transition to electric vehicles (EVs) and the sustainable infrastructure needed to keep them on the road – as well as looking under the hood of the Government’s recent consultation into the phase-out of petrol and diesel cars by 2030. LISTEN: Powering Change with SSE episode 3: How EV charging is powering the UK’s EV transition

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Polar Vortex Could Bring Cold Blast to Millions Across US, AccuWeather Says

The polar vortex could bring a cold blast to millions across America in the second half of March, AccuWeather said in a media advisory sent to Rigzone recently. “AccuWeather long-range experts say a major shift in the weather pattern could bring frigid air to parts of the United States starting during the second half of March, with impacts that could potentially last into early April in some places,” AccuWeather noted in the advisory. The company said the polar vortex is a part of Earth’s atmosphere that is found over the North Pole. Strong winds typically keep the vortex locked in place, but periodically, changes in the weather can cause the vortex to wobble and even separate into pieces, which results in waves of frigid Arctic air being ushered southward across North America, Europe, and Asia, AccuWeather stated in the advisory.  Not every cold snap is connected to the polar vortex, but when it does weaken, it can result in some of the lowest temperatures of the winter season in North America, AccuWeather added in the release. “Don’t put your winter jacket and gloves away just yet. Winter is far from over,” AccuWeather Lead Long-Range Expert Paul Pastelok said in the advisory. “Many parts of the central and eastern U.S. will see a surge of springlike warmth … [this] week, but the polar vortex could contribute to a sharp drop in temperatures across parts of the U.S. during the week of March 17,” he added. “The polar vortex has been rather strong all winter. There have been a few instances where it has been stretched and not circular over the North Pole … Most cold spells in the U.S. this winter were not connected to the polar vortex,” Pastelok went on to state. In the advisory, AccuWeather highlighted that, last autumn, AccuWeather long-range

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Podcast: On the Frontier of Modular Edge AI Data Centers with Flexnode’s Andrew Lindsey

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Last Energy to Deploy 30 Microreactors in Texas for Data Centers

As the demand for data center power surges in Texas, nuclear startup Last Energy has now announced plans to build 30 microreactors in the state’s Haskell County near the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The reactors will serve a growing customer base of data center operators in the region looking for reliable, carbon-free energy. The plan marks Last Energy’s largest project to date and a significant step in advancing modular nuclear power as a viable solution for high-density computing infrastructure. Meeting the Looming Power Demands of Texas Data Centers Texas is already home to over 340 data centers, with significant expansion underway. Google is increasing its data center footprint in Dallas, while OpenAI’s Stargate has announced plans for a new facility in Abilene, just an hour south of Last Energy’s planned site. The company notes the Dallas-Fort Worth metro area alone is projected to require an additional 43 gigawatts of power in the coming years, far surpassing current grid capacity. To help remediate, Last Energy has secured a 200+ acre site in Haskell County, approximately three and a half hours west of Dallas. The company has also filed for a grid connection with ERCOT, with plans to deliver power via a mix of private wire and grid transmission. Additionally, Last Energy has begun pre-application engagement with the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for an Early Site Permit, a key step in securing regulatory approval. According to Last Energy CEO Bret Kugelmass, the company’s modular approach is designed to bring nuclear energy online faster than traditional projects. “Nuclear power is the most effective way to meet Texas’ growing energy demand, but it needs to be deployed faster and at scale,” Kugelmass said. “Our microreactors are designed to be plug-and-play, enabling data center operators to bypass the constraints of an overloaded grid.” Scaling Nuclear for

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Data Center Jobs: Engineering and Technician Jobs Available in Major Markets

Each month Data Center Frontier, in partnership with Pkaza, posts some of the hottest data center career opportunities in the market. Here’s a look at some of the latest data center jobs posted on the Data Center Frontier jobs board, powered by Pkaza Critical Facilities Recruiting.  Data Center Facility Engineer (Night Shift Available) Ashburn, VAThis position is also available in: Tacoma, WA (Nights), Days/Nights: Needham, MA and New York City, NY. This opportunity is working directly with a leading mission-critical data center developer / wholesaler / colo provider. This firm provides data center solutions custom-fit to the requirements of their client’s mission-critical operational facilities. They provide reliability of mission-critical facilities for many of the world’s largest organizations facilities supporting enterprise clients and hyperscale companies. This opportunity provides a career-growth minded role with exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation as well as competitive salaries and benefits. Electrical Commissioning Engineer New Albany, OHThis traveling position is also available in: Somerset, NJ; Boydton, VA; Richmond, VA; Ashburn, VA; Charlotte, NC; Atlanta, GA; Hampton, GA; Fayetteville, GA; Des Moines, IA; San Jose, CA; Portland, OR; St Louis, MO; Phoenix, AZ;  Dallas, TX;  Chicago, IL; or Toronto, ON. *** ALSO looking for a LEAD EE and ME CxA agents.*** Our client is an engineering design and commissioning company that has a national footprint and specializes in MEP critical facilities design. They provide design, commissioning, consulting and management expertise in the critical facilities space. They have a mindset to provide reliability, energy efficiency, sustainable design and LEED expertise when providing these consulting services for enterprise, colocation and hyperscale companies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation as well as competitive salaries and benefits. Switchgear Field Service Technician – Critical Facilities Nationwide TravelThis position is also available in: Charlotte, NC; Atlanta, GA; Dallas,

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Amid Shifting Regional Data Center Policies, Iron Mountain and DC Blox Both Expand in Virginia’s Henrico County

The dynamic landscape of data center developments in Maryland and Virginia exemplify the intricate balance between fostering technological growth and addressing community and environmental concerns. Data center developers in this region find themselves both in the crosshairs of groups worried about the environment and other groups looking to drive economic growth. In some cases, the groups are different components of the same organizations, such as local governments. For data center development, meeting the needs of these competing interests often means walking a none-too-stable tightrope. Rapid Government Action Encourages Growth In May 2024, Maryland demonstrated its commitment to attracting data center investments by enacting the Critical Infrastructure Streamlining Act. This legislation provides a clear framework for the use of emergency backup power generation, addressing previous regulatory challenges that a few months earlier had hindered projects like Aligned Data Centers’ proposed 264-megawatt campus in Frederick County, causing Aligned to pull out of the project. However, just days after the Act was signed by the governor, Aligned reiterated its plans to move forward with development in Maryland.  With the Quantum Loop and the related data center development making Frederick County a focal point for a balanced approach, the industry is paying careful attention to the pace of development and the relations between developers, communities and the government. In September of 2024, Frederick County Executive Jessica Fitzwater revealed draft legislation that would potentially restrict where in the county data centers could be built. The legislation was based on information found in the Frederick County Data Centers Workgroup’s final report. Those bills would update existing regulations and create a floating zone for Critical Digital Infrastructure and place specific requirements on siting data centers. Statewide, a cautious approach to environmental and community impacts statewide has been deemed important. In January 2025, legislators introduced SB116,  a bill

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New Reports Show How AI, Power, and Investment Trends Are Reshaping the Data Center Landscape

Today we provide a comprehensive roundup of the latest industry analyst reports from CBRE, PwC, and Synergy Research, offering a data-driven perspective on the state of the North American data center market.  To wit, CBRE’s latest findings highlight record-breaking growth in supply, soaring colocation pricing, and mounting power constraints shaping site selection. For its part, PwC’s analysis underscores the sector’s broader economic impact, quantifying its trillion-dollar contribution to GDP, rapid job growth, and surging tax revenues.  Meanwhile, the latest industry analysis from Synergy Research details the acceleration of cloud spending, AI’s role in fueling infrastructure demand, and an unprecedented surge in data center mergers and acquisitions.  Together, these reports paint a picture of an industry at an inflection point—balancing explosive expansion with evolving challenges in power availability, cost pressures, and infrastructure investment. Let’s examine them. CBRE: Surging Demand Fuels Record Data Center Expansion CBRE says the North American data center sector is scaling at an unprecedented pace, driven by unrelenting demand from artificial intelligence (AI), hyperscale, and cloud service providers. The latest North America Data Center Trends H2 2024 report from CBRE reveals that total supply across primary markets surged by 34% year-over-year to 6,922.6 megawatts (MW), outpacing the 26% growth recorded in 2023. This accelerating expansion has triggered record-breaking construction activity and intensified competition for available capacity. Market Momentum: Scaling Amid Power Constraints According to CBRE, data center construction activity reached historic levels, with 6,350 MW under development at the close of 2024—more than doubling the 3,077.8 MW recorded a year prior. Yet, the report finds the surge in development is being met with significant hurdles, including power constraints and supply chain challenges affecting critical electrical infrastructure. As a result, the vacancy rate across primary markets has plummeted to an all-time low of 1.9%, with only a handful of sites

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Minnesota PUC Says No to Amazon’s Bid to Fast-Track 250 Diesel Generators for Data Center

Amazon is facing scrutiny and significant pushbacks over its plan to install 250 diesel backup generators for a proposed data center in Becker, Minnesota. Much of the concern had been due to the fact that the hyperscaler was seeking an exemption from the state’s standard permitting process, a move that has sparked opposition from environmental groups and state officials. Aggregate Power that Matches Nuclear Power Generation Amazon’s proposed fleet of diesel generators would have a maximum power output almost equivalent to the 647 MW that is produced by Xcel Energy’s nuclear plant in Monticello, one of the two existing nuclear generation stations in the state. Meanwhile, as reported by Datacenter Dynamics, according to a real estate filing published with the Minnesota Department of Revenue, the land parcel assigned for the Amazon data center in Becker was previously part of Minneapolis-based utility Xcel’s coal-powered Sherco Site. Amazon argues that the diesel generators in question are essential to ensuring reliable and secure access to critical data and applications for its customers, including hospitals and first responders. However, opponents worry about the environmental impact and the precedent it may set for future large-scale data center developments in the state. The Law and Its Exception Under Minnesota state law, any power plant capable of generating 50 megawatts or more that connects to the grid via transmission lines must obtain a Certificate of Need from the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). This certification ensures that the infrastructure is necessary and that no cheaper, cleaner alternatives exist. Amazon, however, contends that its generators do not fall under this requirement because they are not connected to the larger electric grid; power generated would be strictly used by the data center suffering an outage from its primary power source. That power would be generated locally, and not transmitted over

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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