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Hydrasun awards contracts for BP Aberdeen Hydrogen Hub

Aberdeen-based Hydrasun has awarded three contracts for major equipment packages for the BP Aberdeen Hydrogen Hub in what has been hailed as a “significant milestone” for the flagship project. The firm, part of the D2Zero stable of decarbonisation and clean energy companies, has delivered the deals having won a bid to design and integrate a […]

Aberdeen-based Hydrasun has awarded three contracts for major equipment packages for the BP Aberdeen Hydrogen Hub in what has been hailed as a “significant milestone” for the flagship project.

The firm, part of the D2Zero stable of decarbonisation and clean energy companies, has delivered the deals having won a bid to design and integrate a hydrogen refuelling station and associated infrastructure.

Hydrasun has struck a deal with Norway’s Nel Hydrogen for a package that includes a 2.5MW electrolyser.

Engineering firm Maximator will deliver a compression package with Sheffield-based Chesterfield Specialist Cylinders coming on board to supply the storage package.

The scalable green hydrogen production, storage and distribution facility powered by renewable energy, is being delivered through a joint venture between energy giant BP and Aberdeen City Council.

The joint venture achieved a financial investment decision in July 2024.

Land at Hareness Road, at Altens Industrial Park in Aberdeen, has been earmarked for the hydrogen production facility.

Hydrasun, a specialist hydrogen system integrator and refuelling solutions provider, said each of the equipment packages will play a “vital role” in ensuring the efficient production, storage, and distribution of hydrogen.

Hydrasun chief executive Neil Thompson. © Supplied by Hydrasun
Hydrasun chief executive Neil Thompson.

Neil Thompson, CEO at Hydrasun said the hub project “highlights the industry’s capability to provide next-generation energy solutions and promising substantial growth opportunities for the region, through both supply chain enhancements and skills development”.

He added: “The first tranche of contract awards marks a significant milestone for the project and supply chain.”

Hydrasun employ over 500 worldwide with around 60 employees currently focused on the hydrogen market sector.

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Broadcom scales up Ethernet with Tomahawk Ultra for low latency HPC and AI

Broadcom Support for minimum packet size allows streaming of those packets at full bandwidth. That capability is essential for efficient communication in scientific and computational workloads. It is particularly important for scale-up networks where GPU-to-switch-to-GPU communication happens in a single hop. Lossless Ethernet gets an ‘Ultra’ boost Another specific area

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Nvidia to restart H20 exports to China, unveils new export-compliant GPU

China re-entry impact Nvidia’s announcements mark a bid to re-enter the world’s second-largest AI market under tightened US export controls. But this return may not mean business as usual. “Despite Nvidia’s market re-entry, Chinese companies will likely continue diversifying suppliers to strengthen supply chain resilience,” said Prabhu Ram, VP of

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Drones Hit Oil Fields in Northern Iraq in Spree of Attacks

Three oil fields in the semi-autonomous Kurdistan region in northern Iraq were attacked by drones on Wednesday, adding to a spate of hits on energy installations in the area this week. Two drones attacked the DNO ASA-operated Peshkabir field around 6am local time, the Directorate General of Counter Terrorism in Kurdistan said in a statement. Another drone hit the Tawke project about an hour later, it said. A third attack was reported at a field in Ain Sifni in the north, the Kurdistan Ministry of Natural Resources said, adding the strikes caused significant damage to infrastructure. DNO suspended output at its projects, and would restart once an assessment is completed, the company said. Gulf Keystone Petroleum Ltd., which operates the Shaikan field that produced a little over 40,000 barrels a day last year, shut operations as a precaution even though the assets haven’t been hit, the company said. The Kurdistan region hasn’t been shipping any crude to global markets since an export pipeline to Turkey’s Mediterranean coast was shut over two years ago following a payments dispute. The vast majority of Iraq’s oil production comes from the country’s south.  Attacks on energy infrastructure aren’t uncommon in the north, which the Kurdistan administration often links on Iran-affiliated groups. No one has claimed responsibility for the latest spree. On Tuesday, the Sarsang field operated by US firm HKN Energy was shut after a strike caused an explosion and fire, while another project called Khurmala was targeted by two drones earlier.  The US embassy in Iraq condemned the attacks in a statement on Tuesday. The Tawke field produced 29,153 barrels a day last year and Peshkabir’s output was 49,462 a day, according to DNO’s website.  The Sarsang field pumped about 30,000 barrels a day of oil on average in the first quarter, according

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Morgan Stanley Unpicks Oil Market Riddle as Stockpiles Swell

Global oil inventories have swollen at a rapid clip in recent months, but given the bulk of the increase has been in the Asia-Pacific, prices have been able to hold their ground for now, according to Morgan Stanley. While total stockpiles surged by about 235 million barrels in the five months to the end of June, just 10% of that has been in the OECD, the region that’s “critical for price formation,” analysts including Martijn Rats said in a July 15 note, which posed the question “Is the oil market actually tight? Or not?” Global benchmark Brent has gained ground so far this month, after advances in May and June, despite the drag from the US-led trade war and a major unwind of OPEC+ supply curbs. Although there are widespread expectations for a global glut in the coming quarters, crude’s near-term structure — with prompt prices above those further out — suggests current market tightness. “What bridges this apparent contradiction is the uneven regional distribution of global inventory builds,” the analysts said. “Most of the inventory builds have taken place in locations that have less impact on prices, whilst inventories in key pricing centers have remained unusually tight – the builds have been in the Pacific, but Brent is priced in the Atlantic.” Morgan Stanley cautioned that once the peak summer-demand season ends, a sizable surplus would be on the horizon again, although the bank still expected that only a “modest share” would show up in OECD stockpiles. These were seen rising by no more than 165 million barrels over 12 months, returning holdings to 2017 levels, when Brent fluctuated around $65 a barrel, the analysts said. Brent price forecasts were retained at $65 a barrel in the fourth quarter, and $60 for each of the four quarters in 2026.

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Energy Department Announces Pilot Program to Build Advanced U.S. Nuclear Fuel Lines and End Foreign Dependence

WASHINGTON— The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced the start of a new pilot program to accelerate the development of advanced nuclear reactors and strengthen domestic supply chains for nuclear fuel. The Department issued a Request for Application (RFA) and is seeking qualified U.S. companies to build and operate nuclear fuel production lines using the DOE authorization process. This initiative will help end America’s reliance on foreign sources of enriched uranium and critical materials, while opening the door for private sector investment in America’s nuclear renaissance. Today’s action directly supports President Trump’s executive orders to reform nuclear reactor testing at the Department and deploy nuclear reactor technologies for national security, and establishes a domestic nuclear fuel supply chain for testing new reactors. “America has the resources and the expertise to lead the world in nuclear energy development, but we need secure domestic supply chains to fuel this rapidly growing energy source and achieve a true nuclear energy renaissance,” said Energy Secretary Chris Wright. “The Trump Administration is accelerating innovation, not regulation, and leveraging partnerships with the private sector to safely fuel and test new reactor designs that will unleash more reliable and affordable energy for American consumers.” Background: DOE launched a new reactor pilot program in June 2025 to expedite the testing of advanced reactor designs that will be authorized by the Department at sites located outside of the National Laboratories. DOE is currently reviewing potential applicants and anticipates selecting at least three advanced reactor designs later this summer that have the potential to achieve criticality by July 4, 2026. The United States currently lacks the sufficient domestic nuclear fuel resources to meet projected demand. DOE is relying on the same authority used to expedite testing to jumpstart fuel line development and rebuild America’s nuclear fuel production base. Applicants

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Google Cloud to pour more than $25B into AI infrastructure across PJM

Dive Brief: Google will spend more than $25 billion to build out data center and AI infrastructure across the Pennsylvania-based PJM Interconnection power grid in the next two years, the company said Tuesday at the inaugural Pennsylvanian Energy and Innovation Summit hosted by Senator Dave McCormick and attended by President Donald Trump. In addition to expanding its cloud footprint in a region that stretches contiguously across 13 states, including Illinois, New Jersey, Ohio and Virginia, the hyperscaler committed more than $3 billion to modernizing two hydropower plants located in Pennsylvania and launched an AI skills training initiative called AI Works for America. “Google’s investments announced today will increase energy abundance and empower Americans with the skills needed to thrive in the AI era,” Ruth Porat, president and chief investment officer of Google parent company Alphabet, said. “We support President Trump’s clear and urgent direction that our nation invest in AI infrastructure, technology and the energy to unlock its benefits so that America can continue to lead in AI.” Dive Insight: As enterprises search for a return on investments in generative AI technologies, the major cloud providers are in a race to build AI data center capacity that’s chewing through tens of billions of dollars every couple of months. Google plans to boost its capital investments by more than 40% year over year to $75 billion in 2025, CEO Sundar Pichai said in February, pointing to compute capacity constraints and growing demand for its cloud and AI services. In April, the company made a $3 billion commitment to facility buildouts in Virginia and Indiana, vowing to ramp up capacity “to support customer needs and customer demands,” CFO Anat Ashkenazi said during an earnings call. Google’s investments are feeding a spending spree that’s expected to drive global spending on data centers to just under

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Law judge calls for Minnesota PUC to reject $6.2B Allete private equity deal

Dive Brief: The $6.2 billion deal under which the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and Blackrock’s Global Infrastructure Partners would buy Allete, a Duluth, Minnesota-based utility company, should be rejected, an administrative law judge said Tuesday. The deal poses foreseeable risks to Minnesota’s energy transition, Allete’s long-term financial health and ratepayers, ALJ Megan McKenzie said in a recommended decision filed with the Minnesota Public Utilities Commission. “On balance, the risks of the deal, as proposed, outweigh the possible benefits.” McKenzie said. Allete — parent to Minnesota Power and Superior Water, Light and Power — strongly disagreed with the non-binding recommendation, saying it failed to fully consider the benefits of a July 11 settlement agreement with the Minnesota Department of Commerce. “The ALJ report mischaracterizes the parties, their agreements and plans, and the benefits and risks of the acquisition,” Allete said Tuesday. Dive Insight: The proposed Allete transaction, announced in May 2024, has cleared all required regulatory hurdles, except for approval by the Minnesota PUC. However, ALJ McKenzie agreed with entities opposing the deal — the Minnesota Office of the Attorney General, a consortium of Minnesota Power’s large industrial customers, the Citizens Utility Board of Minnesota, the Sierra Club and CURE, an advocacy group — that it doesn’t meet Minnesota’s public interest standard. Allete and its buyers failed to adequately support key arguments for completing the deal, such as improving the utility company’s access to capital and expertise, according to McKenzie. “Petitioners have not shown that the acquisition will improve Allete’s access to capital or even whether Allete needs improved access,” McKenzie said. Also, access to CPP Investments’ and GIP’s expertise appears to have limited value because of assurances that they intend to keep Allete’s existing management, staff and business plan, she said. Further, the private equity model offered by CPP Investments

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USA EIA Reveals Latest Gasoline Price Forecast

The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) revealed its latest U.S. regular gasoline retail price forecast in its July short term energy outlook (STEO), which was released on July 8. According to this STEO, the EIA sees the U.S. regular gasoline retail price averaging $3.09 per gallon in 2025 and $3.04 per gallon in 2026. In its previous STEO, which was released in June, the EIA projected that the U.S. regular gasoline retail price would come in at $3.09 per gallon this year and $3.08 per gallon next year. The EIA’s latest STEO forecasts that the U.S. regular gasoline retail price will average $3.11 per gallon in the third quarter of this year, $2.99 per gallon in the fourth quarter, $2.93 per gallon in the first quarter of 2026, $3.12 per gallon in the second quarter, $3.16 per gallon in the third quarter, and $2.96 per gallon in the fourth quarter of 2026. In its previous STEO, the EIA projected that the U.S. regular gasoline retail price would average $3.14 per gallon in the third quarter, $2.97 per gallon in the fourth quarter, $2.95 per gallon in the first quarter of next year, $3.17 per gallon in the second quarter, $3.21 per gallon in the third quarter, and $3.01 per gallon in the fourth quarter. Current Prices In its latest gasoline fuel update, which was released on July 15, the EIA showed that the U.S. regular gasoline price averaged $3.164 per gallon on June 30, $3.125 per gallon on July 7, and $3.130 per gallon on July 14. The July 14 price was $0.366 lower than the year ago price, the EIA fuel update outlined. Of the five Petroleum Administration for Defense District (PADD) regions highlighted in the EIA’s latest fuel update, the West Coast was shown to have the highest regular

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Moving AI workloads off the cloud? A hefty data center retrofit awaits

“If you have a very specific use case, and you want to fold AI into some of your processes, and you need a GPU or two and a server to do that, then, that’s perfectly acceptable,” he says. “What we’re seeing, kind of universally, is that most of the enterprises want to migrate to these autonomous agents and agentic AI, where you do need a lot of compute capacity.” Racks of brand-new GPUs, even without new power and cooling infrastructure, can be costly, and Schneider Electric often advises cost-conscious clients to look at previous-generation GPUs to save money. GPU and other AI-related technology is advancing so rapidly, however, that it’s hard to know when to put down stakes. “We’re kind of in a situation where five years ago, we were talking about a data center lasting 30 years and going through three refreshes, maybe four,” Carlini says. “Now, because it is changing so much and requiring more and more power and cooling you can’t overbuild and then grow into it like you used to.”

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My take on the Gartner Magic Quadrant for LAN infrastructure? Highly inaccurate

Fortinet being in the leader quadrant may surprise some given they are best known as a security vendor, but the company has quietly built a broad and deep networking portfolio. I have no issue with them being considered a leader and believe for security conscious companies, Fortinet is a great option. Challenger Cisco is the only company listed as a challenger, and its movement out of the leader quadrant highlights just how inaccurate this document is. There is no vendor that sells more networking equipment in more places than Cisco, and it has led enterprise networking for decades. Several years ago, when it was a leader, I could argue the division of engineering between Meraki and Catalyst could have pushed them out, but it didn’t. So why now? At its June Cisco Live event, the company launched a salvo of innovation including AI Canvas, Cisco AI Assistant, and much more. It’s also continually improved the interoperability between Meraki and Catalyst and announced several new products. AI Canvas is a completely new take, was well received by customers at Cisco Live, and reinvents the concept of AIOps. As I stated above, because of the December cutoff time for information gathering, none of this was included, but that makes Cisco’s representation false. Also, I find this MQ very vague in its “Cautions” segment. As an example, it states: “Cisco’s product strategy isn’t well-aligned with key enterprise needs.” Some details here would be helpful. In my conversations with Cisco, which includes with Chief Product Officer and President Jeetu Patel, the company has reiterated that its strategy is to help customers be AI-ready with products that are easier to deploy and manage, more automated, and with a lower cost to run. That seems well-aligned with customer needs. If Gartner is hearing customers want networks

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Equinix, AWS embrace liquid cooling to power AI implementations

With AWS, it deployed In-Row Heat Exchangers (IRHX), a custom-built liquid cooling system designed specifically for servers using Nvidia’s Blackwell GPUs, it’s most powerful but also its hottest running processors used for AI training and inference. The IRHX unit has three components: a water‑distribution cabinet, an integrated pumping unit, and in‑row fan‑coil modules. It uses direct to chip liquid cooling just like the equinox servers, where cold‑plates attached to the chip draw heat from the chips and is cooled by the liquid. The warmed coolant then flows through the coils of heat exchangers, where high‑speed fans Blow on the pipes to cool them, like a car radiator. This type of cooling is nothing new, and there are a few direct to chip liquid cooling solutions on the market from Vertiv, CoolIT, Motivair, and Delta Electronics all sell liquid cooling options. But AWS separates the pumping unit from the fan-coil modules, letting a single pumping system to support large number of fan units. These modular fans can be added or removed as cooling requirements evolve, giving AWS the flexibility to adjust the system per row and site. This led to some concern that Amazon would disrupt the market for liquid cooling, but as a Dell’Oro Group analyst put it, Amazon develops custom technologies for itself and does not go into competition or business with other data center infrastructure companies.

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Intel CEO: We are not in the top 10 semiconductor companies

The Q&A session came on the heels of layoffs across the company. Tan was hired in March, and almost immediately he began to promise to divest and reduce non-core assets. Gelsinger had also begun divesting the company of losers, but they were nibbles around the edge. Tan is promising to take an axe to the place. In addition to discontinuing products, the company has outsourced marketing and media relations — for the first time in more than 25 years of covering this company, I have no internal contacts at Intel. Many more workers are going to lose their jobs in coming weeks. So far about 500 have been cut in Oregon and California but many more is expected — as much as 20% of the overall company staff may go, and Intel has over 100,000 employees, according to published reports. Tan believes the company is bloated and too bogged down with layers of management to be reactive and responsive in the same way that AMD and Nvidia are. “The whole process of that (deciding) is so slow and eventually nobody makes a decision,” he is quoted as saying. Something he has decided on is AI, and he seems to have decided to give up. “On training, I think it is too late for us,” Tan said, adding that Nvidia’s position in that market is simply “too strong.” So there goes what sales Gaudi3 could muster. Instead, Tan said Intel will focus on “edge” artificial intelligence, where AI capabilities Are brought to PCs and other remote devices rather than big AI processors in data centers like Nvidia and AMD are doing. “That’s an area that I think is emerging, coming up very big and we want to make sure that we capture,” Tan said.

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AMD: Latest news and insights

Survey: AMD continues to take server share from Intel May 20, 2025: AMD continues to take market share from Intel, growing at a faster rate and closing the gap between the two companies to the narrowest it has ever been. AMD, Nvidia partner with Saudi startup to build multi-billion dollar AI service centers May 15, 2025: As part of the avalanche of business deals that came from President Trump’s Middle East tour, both AMD and Nvidia have struck multi-billion dollar deals with an emerging Saudi AI firm. AMD targets hosting providers with affordable EPYC 4005 processors May 14, 2025: AMD launched its latest set of data center processors, targeting hosted IT service providers. The EPYC 4005 series is purpose-built with enterprise-class features and support for modern infrastructure technologies at an affordable price, the company said. Jio teams with AMD, Cisco and Nokia to build AI-enabled telecom platform March 18, 2025: Jio has teamed up with AMD, Cisco and Nokia to build an AI-enabled platform for telecom networks. The goal is to make networks smarter, more secure and more efficient to help service providers cut costs and develop new services. AMD patches microcode security holes after accidental early disclosure February 3, 2025: AMD issued two patches for severe microcode security flaws, defects that AMD said “could lead to the loss of Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) protection.” The bugs were inadvertently revealed by a partner.

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Nvidia hits $4T market cap as AI, high-performance semiconductors hit stride

“The company added $1 trillion in market value in less than a year, a pace that surpasses Apple and Microsoft’s previous trajectories. This rapid ascent reflects how indispensable AI chipmakers have become in today’s digital economy,” Kiran Raj, practice head, Strategic Intelligence (Disruptor) at GlobalData, said in a statement. According to GlobalData’s Innovation Radar report, “AI Chips – Trends, Market Dynamics and Innovations,” the global AI chip market is projected to reach $154 billion by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20%. Nvidia has much of that market, but it also has a giant bullseye on its back with many competitors gunning for its crown. “With its AI chips powering everything from data centers and cloud computing to autonomous vehicles and robotics, Nvidia is uniquely positioned. However, competitive pressure is mounting. Players like AMD, Intel, Google, and Huawei are doubling down on custom silicon, while regulatory headwinds and export restrictions are reshaping the competitive dynamics,” he said.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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