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FERC review of PJM colocation rules for data centers, large loads may extend past mid-year: analysts

The PJM Interconnection’s response to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s investigation into the grid operator’s rules for colocated loads indicates FERC may not approve new regulations by mid-year, as some people initially thought, according to utility-sector analysts. FERC on Feb. 20 launched a review of issues related to colocating large loads, such as data centers, […]

The PJM Interconnection’s response to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s investigation into the grid operator’s rules for colocated loads indicates FERC may not approve new regulations by mid-year, as some people initially thought, according to utility-sector analysts.

FERC on Feb. 20 launched a review of issues related to colocating large loads, such as data centers, at power plants in PJM’s footprint. The outcome of the review could set a precedent for colocated load in the power markets FERC oversees.

Talen Energy, Constellation Energy and PSEG Power, a Public Service Enterprise Group subsidiary, are among the companies that are considering hosting data centers at their nuclear power plants in PJM.

In its “show cause” order, FERC asked PJM and stakeholders to explain why the grid operator’s colocation rules are just and reasonable or to offer rules that would pass agency muster. FERC established a comment schedule that enables the agency to issue a response by June 20. The agency said it could make a decision on a PJM proposal within three months.

However, instead of proposing new colocation rules, PJM on March 24 said its existing rules are just and reasonable. The grid operator also offered five conceptual colocation options that have been proposed by stakeholders or developed by PJM.

PJM urged FERC to issue “detailed guiding principles” that the grid operator could use to craft colocation rules for the agency’s approval.

The lack of a proposal from PJM likely extends FERC’s review process, according to analysts.

“FERC may still act on the show cause order in June, but we don’t rule out a new iteration of process instead of a clear policy decision,” ClearView Energy Partners analysts said in a client note on Friday.

It will likely take FERC until late this year to approve changes to PJM’s colocation rules, according to Capstone analysts.

Morgan Stanley analysts said their “base case” expectation is a FERC decision in September. “We were hoping for a more definitive proposal to move the process forward more quickly,” the analysts said.

In its response to FERC, PJM noted that any colocation rules may be affected by state laws. “Regardless of what co-location arrangements are ultimately sanctioned by the commission, permitted by the states, and elected by developers, participants involved in co-location arrangements should pay the costs of any grid services they consume and the arrangements must be reliable and operationally manageable,” PJM said.

PJM also said it prefers that colocated load be deemed front-of-the-meter, “network” load, a designation that would require a colocated data center, for example, to pay for certain grid services.

Among the options PJM floated, it said it preferred three of them, partly because they would maintain resource adequacy. The colocation options are:

  • Load that elects to be network load and brings its own generation (preferred).
  • Load that will cut its electric use during grid emergencies (preferred).
  • Load that elects to be network load and that participates as demand response (preferred).
  • Load connected to the grid with protections to avoid delivery of system energy to serve the colocated load (less preferred).
  • Load connected to the grid with protections to avoid delivery of system energy to serve the colocated load or for the co-located load to receive back-up service from PJM with permission (less preferred).

PJM’s colocation options “bode poorly” for Talen’s proposed colocation arrangement at the company’s majority-owned Susquehanna nuclear plant with Amazon Web Services and other behind-the-meter deals, Capstone said, noting PJM gave the only “true” behind-the-meter proposal a “less preferred” grade.

“We view PJM’s three front-of-the-meter … options as most amendable to the broadest pool of stakeholders, yet these would erode economics for merchant generators and data centers relative to the ‘isolated’ arrangements previously sought,” the research firm said.

Responses to PJM’s comments, and those filed by other stakeholders, are due April 23.

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F5 to acquire CalypsoAI for advanced AI security capabilities

CalypsoAI’s platform creates what the company calls an Inference Perimeter that protects across models, vendors, and environments. The offers several products including Inference Red Team, Inference Defend, and Inference Observe, which deliver adversarial testing, threat detection and prevention, and enterprise oversight, respectively, among other capabilities. CalypsoAI says its platform proactively

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HomeLM: A foundation model for ambient AI

Capabilities of a HomeLM What makes a foundation model like HomeLM powerful is its ability to learn generalizable representations of sensor streams, allowing them to be reused, recombined and adapted across diverse tasks. This fundamentally differs from traditional signal processing and machine learning pipelines in RF sensing, which are typically

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Cisco’s Splunk embeds agentic AI into security and observability products

AI-powered observability enhancements Cisco also announced it has updated Splunk Observability to use Cisco AgenticOps, which deploys AI agents to automate telemetry collection, detect issues, identify root causes, and apply fixes. The agentic AI updates help enterprise customers automate incident detection, root-cause analysis, and routine fixes. “We are making sure

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USA Urges G7 Sanctions on Russian Oil

The US will urge its allies in the Group of Seven to impose tariffs as high as 100% on China and India for their purchases of Russian oil in an effort to convince President Vladimir Putin to end his war in Ukraine.  President Donald Trump said on Friday that his patience with Putin was “running out fast” and threatened new economic sanctions. “It’ll be hitting very hard on with sanctions to banks and having to do with oil and tariffs also,” he said in an interview on Fox News. The US will also tell the G-7 countries they should create a legal pathway to seize immobilized sovereign Russian assets and consider seizing or using the principle of those assets to fund Ukraine’s defense, according to a US proposal seen by Bloomberg. The vast majority of the about $300 billion of Moscow’s immobilized assets are in Europe.  Brent crude futures extended gains following the report, briefly touching a session high. The euro fell to the day’s low and last traded around the $1.1703 mark early in the New York session. A spokesperson from the White House didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment on the proposals. Separately, senior US officials have floated with European counterparts the idea of gradually seizing those frozen Russia assets to increase the pressure on Moscow to enter into negotiations, according to people familiar with the matter who spoke on the condition of anonymity.  Profits generated by the assets are currently being used to provide loans to Ukraine. Canada, which holds the presidency of the G-7, convened a meeting of the group’s finance ministers on Friday to “discuss further measures to increase pressure on Russia and limit their war machinery,” according to a statement.  The US proposal calls for 50% to 100% secondary tariffs on China

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DOE’s emergency orders create a moral hazard

Jennifer Danis is the federal energy policy director at the Institute for Policy Integrity at New York University School of Law. The U.S. electric grid is a shared, interconnected system. When it fails, it fails for everyone. To prevent this, regulators like the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and regional grid operators like the Midcontinent Independent System Operator are, among other things, entrusted with a complex, round-the-clock task: ensuring reliability. They administer non-discriminatory markets that serve two-thirds of the U.S. electricity demand, promoting efficiency and reliability by allowing investors to make decisions based on market signals, including higher profits during periods of tighter reliability margins. However, the U.S. Department of Energy is now invoking its emergency authority under Section 202(c) of the Federal Power Act to intervene in these markets. While this power is intended to allow DOE to quickly respond to short-term crises — authorizing orders for up to 90 days — this DOE has demonstrated a willingness to subsequently extend these orders without any reliability entity requesting them or logical terminus, as it did with a Michigan coal power plant that was scheduled to retire in May 2025. This practice raises concerns about the use of an emergency mechanism for what could become a de facto long-term policy. If there were a true energy emergency, the last thing a rational regulator would do is halt energy projects about to supply the grid with low-cost power (like Revolution Wind) and announce policies adding extra-statutory layers of review to other kinds of shovel-ready energy resources simply because they are not this administration’s preferred technologies. While vaguely couched in terms of preventing future outages, DOE’s centralized approach erodes trust in the market system and interferes with the good planning practices that are essential for long-term grid reliability. A departure from historical use

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Texas regulators approve 2 Entergy gas plants with $2.4B ‘hard cap’

The Public Utility Commission of Texas on Thursday approved a pair of new gas plants proposed by Entergy, but imposed a “hard cap” on costs of $2.4 billion to protect ratepayers following regulator concerns that the utility did not take steps to ensure the projects were cost effective. The 754-MW Legend Power Station and 453-MW Lone Star Power Station plants are “critical to serve the significant growth in southeast Texas,” Entergy Texas CEO Eliecer Viamontes said in a video statement. The utility expects summer coincident peak load to increase by almost 20% by 2028, driven by new customer loads and industrial expansion. Entergy Texas serves about 524,000 customers in 27 counties, and is connected to the Midcontinent Independent System Operator grid. “Entergy has shown a need for this. I think we want them to proceed,” PUCT Chair Thomas Gleeson said at the open meeting. “But given, kind of, the issues with the process … I think it’s appropriate to apply a hard cost cap consistent with the costs that they anticipate and estimate.” Both facilities are planned to be in service by mid-2028, Entergy Texas said. Entergy Texas did not conduct a request for proposals to determine which projects to pursue, drawing concern from the Texas Industrial Energy Consumers group, the Office of Public Utility Counsel and PUCT staff. Texas law does not require an RFP process for generation projects to receive a certificate of convenience and necessity. Entergy says the cost of the gas plants is about 25% below current market prices, and the utility expects they will produce more than $280 million in net benefits. The PUCT approved the projects consistent with a cost cap described in a memo Gleeson filed Wednesday. “The capital costs for the dispatchable portfolio, inclusive of allowance for funds used during construction, on which

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Saipem Bags $1.5B Offshore Contract

In a statement sent to Rigzone recently by the Saipem team, Saipem announced that it has been awarded a new offshore contract for the Sakarya gas field development worth approximately $1.5 billion. The contract was awarded by Turkish Petroleum OTC for the third phase of the Sakarya gas field development project in Türkiye, the statement highlighted, noting that Sakarya is the largest offshore natural gas field discovered in the country. Saipem said in the statement that the third phase of development “entails a new dedicated floating production unit (FPU), fed by 27 wells located in the Sakarya and Amasra fields, connected by a new trunkline to the onshore facility located in Filyos, on the Turkish Black Sea coast”. The company revealed that its scope of work “encompasses the engineering, procurement, construction and installation (EPCI) of eight rigid flowlines and a 24-inch diameter Gas Export Pipeline (GEP), approximately 183 km long, connecting the offshore field, at a maximum depth of 2,200 meters, to Filyos”. The overall duration of the contract is approximately three years, according to Saipem, which noted in the statement that the offshore campaign will be conducted by the company’s Castorone pipelay vessel in 2027. “Saipem has successfully completed the first phase of the Sakarya field development project awarded in 2021 and is finalizing activities related to the second phase awarded in 2023,” the company said in the statement. “With the signing of this new contract, the company further consolidates its presence in Türkiye and its involvement in a strategic project that contributes to the country’s energy independence,” it added. In a statement posted on his X page this week, which was translated from Turkish and reposted by Turkish Petroleum OTC’s X page, Alparslan Bayraktar, who describes himself on his X page as the Minister of Energy and Natural

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DOE Earmarks $134MM for US Fusion Tech Programs

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has announced $134 million for two programs aimed at positioning the U.S. as a leader in emerging fusion technologies and innovation. “Under President Trump’s leadership, DOE is unleashing the next frontier of American energy”, Secretary of Energy Chris Wright said in a statement. “Fusion power holds the promise of limitless, reliable, American-made energy – and programs like INFUSE and FIRE ensure our innovators have the tools, talent, and partnerships to make it a reality”. DOE will channel $128 million for the Fusion Innovative Research Engine (FIRE) collaboratives, supporting seven teams aimed at creating a fusion energy science and technology ecosystem through virtual, centrally managed groups. DOE said that these teams aim to bridge its Fusion Energy Sciences (FES) basic research programs with the growth of fusion industries. Additionally, DOE said it has allocated $6.1 million for the Innovation Network for Fusion Energy (INFUSE) program, funding 20 projects that boost private-sector fusion development by easing collaboration barriers between businesses, national labs and universities. These projects include research in materials science, laser tech, high-temperature superconducting magnets, AI-based fusion modeling, and technologies to advance economical fusion energy, according to the DOE. Following the Energy Act of 2020, FES aims to expedite the feasibility of commercial fusion energy through partnerships with the private sector by launching several industry-focused programs like INFUSE and FIRE, DOE said. DEO said fusion has the potential to deliver plentiful and dependable energy by mimicking the processes that fuel the sun and stars. To contact the author, email [email protected] What do you think? We’d love to hear from you, join the conversation on the Rigzone Energy Network. The Rigzone Energy Network is a new social experience created for you and all energy professionals to Speak Up about our industry, share knowledge, connect with peers

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B&W, Denham Capital Partner to Power Data Centers

Denham Capital Management LP and Babcock & Wilcox Enterprises Inc (B&W) have signed a partnership agreement to produce electricity to support data center growth in the United States and Europe. The partnership “will include technologies for coal power generation or natural gas conversion projects as well as back-end environmental technology”, a joint statement said. “[S]ubstantial investments will be made to convert coal-fired power plants to cleaner natural gas solutions, which represent a crucial bridge for the clean energy transition”, the companies added. “Natural gas offers cost-effective and rapid deployment to support the development of data centers until renewables can match the pace of electricity demand growth”. Denham Capital will lead development and financing while B&W will handle the engineering and technology scope. U.S. data centers are expected to consume 65 gigawatts (GW) of electricity between 2025 and 2028, around 45 GW more the current capacity can handle, the companies noted. “Existing interconnected assets help fill the void given the five-year median interconnection timeline for U.S. power projects, amid 2,200 GWs of projects in interconnection queues”, they said. “The partnership combines Denham’s expertise in developing, building and operating large-scale power plants across six different continents, and B&W’s many decades of industry-leading experience in coal power generation and the conversion of coal-fired power plants to use natural gas”, the statement said. Justin DeAngelis, global head of sustainable infrastructure at Denham Capital, commented, “Data centers have created an unprecedented and immediate demand for power generation, the likes of which we have not seen in nearly two decades. Time-to-power is a key focal point for data center developers and hyperscalers, and this partnership is one differentiated tool we are looking to utilize to meet market needs”. “We are delighted to partner with B&W to offer reliable, fast, low-cost and sustainable power solutions to the data

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There are 121 AI processor companies. How many will succeed?

The US currently leads in AI hardware and software, but China’s DeepSeek and Huawei continue to push advanced chips, India has announced an indigenous GPU program targeting production by 2029, and policy shifts in Washington are reshaping the playing field. In Q2, the rollback of export restrictions allowed US companies like Nvidia and AMD to strike multibillion-dollar deals in Saudi Arabia.  JPR categorizes vendors into five segments: IoT (ultra-low-power inference in microcontrollers or small SoCs); Edge (on-device or near-device inference in 1–100W range, used outside data centers); Automotive (distinct enough to break out from Edge); data center training; and data center inference. There is some overlap between segments as many vendors play in multiple segments. Of the five categories, inference has the most startups with 90. Peddie says the inference application list is “humongous,” with everything from wearable health monitors to smart vehicle sensor arrays, to personal items in the home, and every imaginable machine in every imaginable manufacturing and production line, plus robotic box movers and surgeons.  Inference also offers the most versatility. “Smart devices” in the past, like washing machines or coffee makers, could do basically one thing and couldn’t adapt to any changes. “Inference-based systems will be able to duck and weave, adjust in real time, and find alternative solutions, quickly,” said Peddie. Peddie said despite his apparent cynicism, this is an exciting time. “There are really novel ideas being tried like analog neuron processors, and in-memory processors,” he said.

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Data Center Jobs: Engineering, Construction, Commissioning, Sales, Field Service and Facility Tech Jobs Available in Major Data Center Hotspots

Each month Data Center Frontier, in partnership with Pkaza, posts some of the hottest data center career opportunities in the market. Here’s a look at some of the latest data center jobs posted on the Data Center Frontier jobs board, powered by Pkaza Critical Facilities Recruiting. Looking for Data Center Candidates? Check out Pkaza’s Active Candidate / Featured Candidate Hotlist (and coming soon free Data Center Intern listing). Data Center Critical Facility Manager Impact, TX There position is also available in: Cheyenne, WY; Ashburn, VA or Manassas, VA. This opportunity is working directly with a leading mission-critical data center developer / wholesaler / colo provider. This firm provides data center solutions custom-fit to the requirements of their client’s mission-critical operational facilities. They provide reliability of mission-critical facilities for many of the world’s largest organizations (enterprise and hyperscale customers). This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation as well as competitive salaries and benefits. Electrical Commissioning Engineer New Albany, OH This traveling position is also available in: Richmond, VA; Ashburn, VA; Charlotte, NC; Atlanta, GA; Hampton, GA; Fayetteville, GA; Cedar Rapids, IA; Phoenix, AZ; Dallas, TX or Chicago, IL. *** ALSO looking for a LEAD EE and ME CxA Agents and CxA PMs. *** Our client is an engineering design and commissioning company that has a national footprint and specializes in MEP critical facilities design. They provide design, commissioning, consulting and management expertise in the critical facilities space. They have a mindset to provide reliability, energy efficiency, sustainable design and LEED expertise when providing these consulting services for enterprise, colocation and hyperscale companies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation as well as competitive salaries and benefits.  Data Center Engineering Design ManagerAshburn, VA This opportunity is working directly with a leading mission-critical data center developer /

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Modernizing Legacy Data Centers for the AI Revolution with Schneider Electric’s Steven Carlini

As artificial intelligence workloads drive unprecedented compute density, the U.S. data center industry faces a formidable challenge: modernizing aging facilities that were never designed to support today’s high-density AI servers. In a recent Data Center Frontier podcast, Steven Carlini, Vice President of Innovation and Data Centers at Schneider Electric, shared his insights on how operators are confronting these transformative pressures. “Many of these data centers were built with the expectation they would go through three, four, five IT refresh cycles,” Carlini explains. “Back then, growth in rack density was moderate. Facilities were designed for 10, 12 kilowatts per rack. Now with systems like Nvidia’s Blackwell, we’re seeing 132 kilowatts per rack, and each rack can weigh 5,000 pounds.” The implications are seismic. Legacy racks, floor layouts, power distribution systems, and cooling infrastructure were simply not engineered for such extreme densities. “With densification, a lot of the power distribution, cooling systems, even the rack systems — the new servers don’t fit in those racks. You need more room behind the racks for power and cooling. Almost everything needs to be changed,” Carlini notes. For operators, the first questions are inevitably about power availability. At 132 kilowatts per rack, even a single cluster can challenge the limits of older infrastructure. Many facilities are conducting rigorous evaluations to decide whether retrofitting is feasible or whether building new sites is the more practical solution. Carlini adds, “You may have transformers spaced every hundred yards, twenty of them. Now, one larger transformer can replace that footprint, and power distribution units feed busways that supply each accelerated compute rack. The scale and complexity are unlike anything we’ve seen before.” Safety considerations also intensify with these densifications. “At 132 kilowatts, maintenance is still feasible,” Carlini says, “but as voltages rise, data centers are moving toward environments where

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Google Backs Advanced Nuclear at TVA’s Clinch River as ORNL Pushes Quantum Frontiers

Inside the Hermes Reactor Design Kairos Power’s Hermes reactor is based on its KP-FHR architecture — short for fluoride salt–cooled, high-temperature reactor. Unlike conventional water-cooled reactors, Hermes uses a molten salt mixture called FLiBe (lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride) as a coolant. Because FLiBe operates at atmospheric pressure, the design eliminates the risk of high-pressure ruptures and allows for inherently safer operation. Fuel for Hermes comes in the form of TRISO particles rather than traditional enriched uranium fuel rods. Each TRISO particle is encapsulated within ceramic layers that function like miniature containment vessels. These particles can withstand temperatures above 1,600 °C — far beyond the reactor’s normal operating range of about 700 °C. In combination with the salt coolant, Hermes achieves outlet temperatures between 650–750 °C, enabling efficient power generation and potential industrial applications such as hydrogen production. Because the salt coolant is chemically stable and requires no pressurization, the reactor can shut down and dissipate heat passively, without external power or operator intervention. This passive safety profile differentiates Hermes from traditional light-water reactors and reflects the Generation IV industry focus on safer, modular designs. From Hermes-1 to Hermes-2: Iterative Nuclear Development The first step in Kairos’ roadmap is Hermes-1, a 35 MW thermal demonstration reactor now under construction at TVA’s Clinch River site under a 2023 NRC license. Hermes-1 is not designed to generate electricity but will validate reactor physics, fuel handling, licensing strategies, and construction techniques. Building on that experience, Hermes-2 will be a 50 MW electric reactor connected to TVA’s grid, with operations targeted for 2030. Under the agreement, TVA will purchase electricity from Hermes-2 and supply it to Google’s data centers in Tennessee and Alabama. Kairos describes its development philosophy as “iterative,” scaling incrementally rather than attempting to deploy large fleets of units at once. By

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NVIDIA Forecasts $3–$4 Trillion AI Market, Driving Next Wave of Infrastructure

Whenever behemoth chipmaker NVIDIA announces its quarterly earnings, those results can have a massive influence on the stock market and its position as a key indicator for the AI industry. After all, NVIDIA is the most valuable publicly traded company in the world, valued at $4.24 trillion—ahead of Microsoft ($3.74 trillion), Apple ($3.41 trillion), Alphabet, the parent company of Google ($2.57 trillion), and Amazon ($2.44 trillion). Due to its explosive growth in recent years, a single NVIDIA earnings report can move the entire market. So, when NVIDIA leaders announced during their August 27 earnings call that Q2 2026 sales surged 56% to $46.74 billion, it was a record-setting performance for the company—and investors took notice. Executive VP & CFO Colette M. Kress said the revenue exceeded leadership’s outlook as the company grew sequentially across all market platforms. She outlined a path toward substantial growth driven by AI infrastructure. Foreseeing significant long-term growth opportunities in agentic AI and considering the scale of opportunity, CEO Jensen Huang said, “Over the next 5 years, we’re going to scale into it with Blackwell [architecture for GenAI], with Rubin [successor to Blackwell], and follow-ons to scale into effectively a $3 trillion to $4 trillion AI infrastructure opportunity.” The chipmaker’s Q2 2026 earnings fell short of Wall Street’s lofty expectations, but they did demonstrate that its sales are still rising faster than those of most other tech companies. NVIDIA is expected to post revenue growth of at least 42% over the next four quarters, compared with an average of about 10% for firms in the technology-heavy Nasdaq 100 Index, according to data compiled by Bloomberg Intelligence. On August 29, two days after announcing their earnings, NVIDIA stocks slid 3% and other chip stocks also declined. This came amid a broader sell-off after server-maker Dell, a customer of those chipmakers,

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Cologix and Lambda Debut NVIDIA HGX B200 AI Clusters in Columbus, Ohio

In our latest episode of the Data Center Frontier Show, we explore how powerhouse AI infrastructure is moving inland—anchored by the first NVIDIA HGX B200 cluster deployment in Columbus, Ohio. Cologix, Lambda, and Supermicro have partnered on the project, which combines Lambda’s 1-Click Clusters™, Supermicro’s energy-efficient hardware, and Cologix’s carrier-dense Scalelogix℠ COL4 facility. It’s a milestone that speaks to the rapid decentralization of AI workloads and the emergence of the Midwest as a serious player in the AI economy. Joining me for the conversation were Bill Bentley, VP Hyperscale and Cloud Sales at Cologix, and Ken Patchett, VP Data Center Infrastructure at Lambda. Why Columbus, Why Now? Asked about the significance of launching in Columbus, Patchett framed the move in terms of the coming era of “superintelligence.” “The shift to superintelligence is happening now—systems that can reason, adapt, and accelerate human progress,” Patchett said. “That requires an entirely new type of infrastructure, which means capital, vision, and the right partners. Columbus with Cologix made sense because beyond being centrally located, they’re highly connected, cost-efficient, and built to scale. We’re not chasing trends. We’re laying the groundwork for a future where intelligence infrastructure is as ubiquitous as electricity.” Bentley pointed to the city’s underlying strengths in connectivity, incentives, and utility economics. “Columbus is uniquely situated at the intersection of long-haul fiber,” Bentley said. “You’ve got state tax incentives, low-cost utilities, and a growing concentration of hyperscalers and local enterprises. The ecosystem is ripe for growth. It’s a natural geography for AI workloads that need geographic diversity without sacrificing performance.” Shifting—or Expanding—the Map for AI The guests agreed that deployments like this don’t represent a wholesale shift away from coastal hyperscale markets, but rather the expansion of AI’s footprint across multiple geographies. “I like to think of Lambda as an AI hyperscaler,”

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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