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The Download: introducing the Creativity issue

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. Introducing: the Creativity issue The university computer lab may seem like an unlikely center for creativity. We tend to think of creativity as happening more in the artist’s studio or writers’ workshop. But throughout history, very often our greatest creative leaps—and I would argue that the web and its descendants represent one such leap—have been due to advances in technology. But the key to artistic achievement has never been the technology itself. It has been the way artists have applied it to express our humanity.This latest issue of our magazine, which was entirely produced by human beings using computers, explores creativity and the tension between the artist and technology. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we enjoyed putting it together. —Mat Honan, editor in chief Here’s just a taste of what you can expect: + AI is warping our expectations of music. New diffusion AI models that make songs from scratch are complicating our definitions of authorship and human creativity. Read the full story.+ Meet the researchers testing the “Armageddon” approach to asteroid defense. Read the full story. + How the federal government is tracking changes in the supply of street drugs. A new harm reduction initiative is helping prevent needless deaths. Read the full story.+ How AI is ushering in a new era of co-creativity, laying the groundwork for a future in which humans and machines create things together. Read the full story. + South Korea’s graphic artists are divided over whether AI will immortalize their work or threaten their creativity. + A new biosensor can detect bird flu in just five minutes. Read the full story. MIT Technology Review Narrated: Quantum computing is taking on its biggest challenge—noise For a while researchers thought they’d have to make do with noisy, error-prone systems, at least in the near term. That’s starting to change.This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released. Join us today to chat about brain-computer interfaces Brain-computer interfaces are electrodes implanted into the brain to send neural commands to computers, primarily to assist paralyzed people, and our readers recently named them as the 11th Breakthrough Technology of 2025 in our annual list. So what are the next steps for companies like Neuralink, Synchron, and Neuracle? And will they be able to help paralyzed people at scale?Join our editor at large David Rotman and senior editor for biomedicine Antonio Regalado today for an exclusive subscriber-only Roundtable discussion exploring the past, present, and future of brain-computer interfaces. Register here to tune in at 1pm ET this afternoon! The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 OpenAI is interested in buying Chrome from Google ChatGPT’s head of product Nick Turley said folding its tech into Chrome would improve it greatly. (Bloomberg $)+ It would be just one of many prospective buyers. (Insider $)+ Turley would also be happy with a distribution deal with Google. (The Information $) 2 Instagram’s founder says Meta starved it of resourcesKevin Systrom believes Mark Zuckerberg saw the app as a threat to Facebook. (NYT $)+ It sounds as if the pair had a strained relationship. (The Verge) 3 Elon Musk will step back from DOGE next month In his absence, Tesla’s profits have plummeted. (WP $)+ But he’ll still spend a day or so a week working on US government matters. (CNBC)+ There’s no denying that his political activities have damaged Tesla’s brand. (WSJ $)+ DOGE’s tech takeover threatens the safety and stability of our critical data. (MIT Technology Review) 4 Chinese scientists and students are under scrutiny in the USIt’s a repeat of the China Initiative program launched under Trump’s first Presidency. (WSJ $)+ US universities are starting to push back against government overreach. (Ars Technica)+ The FBI accused him of spying for China. It ruined his life. (MIT Technology Review) 5 Rare earth elements aren’t so rare after allWhich is bad news for China. (Wired $)+ But China’s export curbs are harming Tesla’s Optimus robot production. (Reuters)+ This rare earth metal shows us the future of our planet’s resources. (MIT Technology Review) 6 How to wean yourself off fossil fuelsMassive home batteries are an intriguing energy alternative. (Vox) 7 A new mission to grow food in space has blasted offScientists are investigating creating food from single cells in orbit. (BBC)+ Future space food could be made from astronaut breath. (MIT Technology Review) 8 It’s time to bid farewell to SkypeRIP to the OG video calling platform. (Rest of World)  9 Analysts are using AI to psychologically profile top soccer players ⚽And also to spot bright young talent. (The Guardian) 10 Saving the world’s seeds is a tricky business 🌱They’re the first line of defense against extinction. (Knowable Magazine)+ The weeds are winning. (MIT Technology Review) Quote of the day “Stuffing Chrome with even more AI crap is one way to spur browser innovation, I guess.” —Tech critic Paris Marx isn’t convinced that OpenAI buying Chrome would improve it, in a post on Bluesky. The big story How gamification took over the worldIt’s a thought that occurs to every video-game player at some point: What if the weird, hyper-focused state I enter when playing in virtual worlds could somehow be applied to the real one?Often pondered during especially challenging or tedious tasks in meatspace (writing essays, say, or doing your taxes), it’s an eminently reasonable question to ask. Life, after all, is hard. And while video games are too, there’s something almost magical about the way they can promote sustained bouts of superhuman concentration and resolve.For some, this phenomenon leads to an interest in flow states and immersion. For others, it’s simply a reason to play more games. For a handful of consultants, startup gurus, and game designers in the late 2000s, it became the key to unlocking our true human potential. But instead of liberating us, gamification turned out to be just another tool for coercion, distraction, and control. Read the full story. —Bryan Gardiner We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet ’em at me.) + Succession creator Jesse Armstrong’s new film Mountainhead looks intriguing.+ Domestic cats have a much more complicated history than we previously realized.+ If you enjoyed the new vampire flick Sinners, you’ll love these Indian folk horrors.+ This hispi cabbage side dish looks incredible.

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Introducing: the Creativity issue

The university computer lab may seem like an unlikely center for creativity. We tend to think of creativity as happening more in the artist’s studio or writers’ workshop. But throughout history, very often our greatest creative leaps—and I would argue that the web and its descendants represent one such leap—have been due to advances in technology.

But the key to artistic achievement has never been the technology itself. It has been the way artists have applied it to express our humanity.

This latest issue of our magazine, which was entirely produced by human beings using computers, explores creativity and the tension between the artist and technology. We hope you enjoy reading it as much as we enjoyed putting it together.

—Mat Honan, editor in chief

Here’s just a taste of what you can expect:

+ AI is warping our expectations of music. New diffusion AI models that make songs from scratch are complicating our definitions of authorship and human creativity. Read the full story.

+ Meet the researchers testing the “Armageddon” approach to asteroid defense. Read the full story.

+ How the federal government is tracking changes in the supply of street drugs. A new harm reduction initiative is helping prevent needless deaths. Read the full story.

+ How AI is ushering in a new era of co-creativity, laying the groundwork for a future in which humans and machines create things together. Read the full story.

+ South Korea’s graphic artists are divided over whether AI will immortalize their work or threaten their creativity.

+ A new biosensor can detect bird flu in just five minutes. Read the full story.

MIT Technology Review Narrated: Quantum computing is taking on its biggest challenge—noise

For a while researchers thought they’d have to make do with noisy, error-prone systems, at least in the near term. That’s starting to change.

This is our latest story to be turned into a MIT Technology Review Narrated podcast, which we’re publishing each week on Spotify and Apple Podcasts. Just navigate to MIT Technology Review Narrated on either platform, and follow us to get all our new content as it’s released.

Join us today to chat about brain-computer interfaces

Brain-computer interfaces are electrodes implanted into the brain to send neural commands to computers, primarily to assist paralyzed people, and our readers recently named them as the 11th Breakthrough Technology of 2025 in our annual list. So what are the next steps for companies like Neuralink, Synchron, and Neuracle? And will they be able to help paralyzed people at scale?

Join our editor at large David Rotman and senior editor for biomedicine Antonio Regalado today for an exclusive subscriber-only Roundtable discussion exploring the past, present, and future of brain-computer interfaces. Register here to tune in at 1pm ET this afternoon!

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 OpenAI is interested in buying Chrome from Google 
ChatGPT’s head of product Nick Turley said folding its tech into Chrome would improve it greatly. (Bloomberg $)
+ It would be just one of many prospective buyers. (Insider $)
+ Turley would also be happy with a distribution deal with Google. (The Information $)

2 Instagram’s founder says Meta starved it of resources
Kevin Systrom believes Mark Zuckerberg saw the app as a threat to Facebook. (NYT $)
+ It sounds as if the pair had a strained relationship. (The Verge)

3 Elon Musk will step back from DOGE next month 
In his absence, Tesla’s profits have plummeted. (WP $)
+ But he’ll still spend a day or so a week working on US government matters. (CNBC)
+ There’s no denying that his political activities have damaged Tesla’s brand. (WSJ $)
+ DOGE’s tech takeover threatens the safety and stability of our critical data. (MIT Technology Review)

4 Chinese scientists and students are under scrutiny in the US
It’s a repeat of the China Initiative program launched under Trump’s first Presidency. (WSJ $)
+ US universities are starting to push back against government overreach. (Ars Technica)
+ The FBI accused him of spying for China. It ruined his life. (MIT Technology Review)

5 Rare earth elements aren’t so rare after all
Which is bad news for China. (Wired $)
+ But China’s export curbs are harming Tesla’s Optimus robot production. (Reuters)
+ This rare earth metal shows us the future of our planet’s resources. (MIT Technology Review)

6 How to wean yourself off fossil fuels
Massive home batteries are an intriguing energy alternative. (Vox)

7 A new mission to grow food in space has blasted off
Scientists are investigating creating food from single cells in orbit. (BBC)
+ Future space food could be made from astronaut breath. (MIT Technology Review)

8 It’s time to bid farewell to Skype
RIP to the OG video calling platform. (Rest of World

9 Analysts are using AI to psychologically profile top soccer players ⚽
And also to spot bright young talent. (The Guardian)

10 Saving the world’s seeds is a tricky business 🌱
They’re the first line of defense against extinction. (Knowable Magazine)
+ The weeds are winning. (MIT Technology Review)

Quote of the day

“Stuffing Chrome with even more AI crap is one way to spur browser innovation, I guess.”

—Tech critic Paris Marx isn’t convinced that OpenAI buying Chrome would improve it, in a post on Bluesky.

The big story

How gamification took over the world

It’s a thought that occurs to every video-game player at some point: What if the weird, hyper-focused state I enter when playing in virtual worlds could somehow be applied to the real one?

Often pondered during especially challenging or tedious tasks in meatspace (writing essays, say, or doing your taxes), it’s an eminently reasonable question to ask. Life, after all, is hard. And while video games are too, there’s something almost magical about the way they can promote sustained bouts of superhuman concentration and resolve.

For some, this phenomenon leads to an interest in flow states and immersion. For others, it’s simply a reason to play more games. For a handful of consultants, startup gurus, and game designers in the late 2000s, it became the key to unlocking our true human potential. But instead of liberating us, gamification turned out to be just another tool for coercion, distraction, and control. Read the full story.

—Bryan Gardiner

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line or skeet ’em at me.)

+ Succession creator Jesse Armstrong’s new film Mountainhead looks intriguing.
+ Domestic cats have a much more complicated history than we previously realized.
+ If you enjoyed the new vampire flick Sinners, you’ll love these Indian folk horrors.
+ This hispi cabbage side dish looks incredible.

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18 essential commands for new Linux users

[jdoe@fedora ~]$ ls -ld /home/jdoedrwx——. 1 jdoe jdoe 106 Apr 3 14:39 /home/jdoe As you may have suspected, “r” stands for read, “w” means write and “x” is for execute. Note that no permissions are available for other group members and anyone else on the system. Each user will be

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What are GPUs? Inside the processing power behind AI

AI and generative AI Today’s increasingly sophisticated AI technologies — notably large language models (LLMs) and generative AI — require lots of speed, lots of data and lots of compute. Because they can perform simultaneous calculations and handle vast amounts of data, GPUs have become the powerhouse behind AI (e.g.,

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Halliburton Q1 Profit Down 24 Percent YoY

Halliburton Co. on Tuesday reported $517 million in adjusted net earnings excluding impairments and other charges for the first quarter (Q1), down about 24 percent year-on-year (YoY). That met the average estimate from analysts surveyed by Zacks. However, the United States energy tech major has failed to surpass the Zacks Consensus Estimate in the last four quarters. Halliburton’s stock closed lower on results day at $20.7 on the New York Stock Exchange. Net income before adjustments dropped to $204 million, or $0.24 per diluted share, for Q1 2025 from $606 million for the same three-month period a year ago. Adjusted operating income excluding impairments and other charges came at $787 million for the January-March 2025 period. Its adjusted operating margin was 14.5 percent. Halliburton booked $356 million in pre-tax charges “as a result of severance costs, an impairment of assets held for sale, an impairment on real estate facilities, and other items”, it said in an online statement. Revenue declined to $5.4 billion for Q1 2025 from $5.8 billion for Q1 2024. However, chair, president and chief executive Jeff Miller highlighted, “Our first quarter international tender activity was strong, Halliburton won meaningful integrated offshore work extending through 2026 and beyond. “Customers awarded Halliburton several contracts that demonstrate the strength of our value proposition and the power of our service quality execution. “I am excited by the strong adoption of our groundbreaking technologies. We achieved the world’s first closed-loop, autonomous fracturing operation. I believe this unlocks the next big step in unconventionals”. Halliburton’s North American operations generated $2.2 billion in revenue for Q1 2025, down 12 percent YoY. “This decline was primarily driven by lower stimulation activity in US Land and decreased completion tool sales in the Gulf of America”, the company said. “Partially offsetting these decreases were higher artificial lift

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Energy UK urges Labour government to ‘unleash the potential of nuclear energy’

Trade body Energy UK is urging the government to “seize the moment and unleash the potential of nuclear energy” as part of efforts to decarbonise the country’s electricity. Energy UK said the nuclear industry in the UK is at a “pivotal time”, with four of the country’s five power plants nearing the end of their operational lives. At the same time, French firm EDF is building a reactor at Hinkley Point C, which will be the first new nuclear power plant in the UK for over 30 years when complete. A final investment decision on the Sizewell C reactor is also due in the spring, alongside further updates on the UK government’s small modular reactor (SMR) competition. State-owned Great British Nuclear (GBN) is overseeing the SMR contest, with four companies developing reactor designs that could be operational by the mid-2030s. UK needs to expand nuclear, Energy UK says In a report, Energy UK said the nuclear sector will require further expansion to meet a forecast increase in electricity demand. The trade body said nuclear can provide a “stable source of clean power” to complement increasing wind and solar generation. The industry can also support economic growth and provide jobs in the regions where plants are located, Energy UK said. The UK nuclear sector currently employs around 64,000 people, while indirectly supporting a further 210,000. © Supplied by AltradHinkley Point C nuclear power station. Somerset, England. The Hinkley Point C project alone supports nearly 23,500 jobs, with £5.3bn spent across businesses in the south west of England. According to the report, building Sizewell C could lead to the creation of 70,000 jobs and a £4.4bn boost to the UK construction sector in the east of England. Energy UK said the UK should utilise the “highly skilled workforce and active supply chain” developed

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Energy UK urges Labour government to ‘unleash the potential of nuclear energy’

Trade body Energy UK is urging the government to “seize the moment and unleash the potential of nuclear energy” as part of efforts to decarbonise the country’s electricity. Energy UK said the nuclear industry in the UK is at a “pivotal time”, with four of the country’s five power plants nearing the end of their operational lives. At the same time, French firm EDF is building a reactor at Hinkley Point C, which will be the first new nuclear power plant in the UK for over 30 years when complete. A final investment decision on the Sizewell C reactor is also due in the spring, alongside further updates on the UK government’s small modular reactor (SMR) competition. State-owned Great British Nuclear (GBN) is overseeing the SMR contest, with four companies developing reactor designs that could be operational by the mid-2030s. UK needs to expand nuclear, Energy UK says In a report, Energy UK said the nuclear sector will require further expansion to meet a forecast increase in electricity demand. The trade body said nuclear can provide a “stable source of clean power” to complement increasing wind and solar generation. The industry can also support economic growth and provide jobs in the regions where plants are located, Energy UK said. The UK nuclear sector currently employs around 64,000 people, while indirectly supporting a further 210,000. © Supplied by AltradHinkley Point C nuclear power station. Somerset, England. The Hinkley Point C project alone supports nearly 23,500 jobs, with £5.3bn spent across businesses in the south west of England. According to the report, building Sizewell C could lead to the creation of 70,000 jobs and a £4.4bn boost to the UK construction sector in the east of England. Energy UK said the UK should utilise the “highly skilled workforce and active supply chain” developed

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How Much Oil is the USA Producing Right Now?

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) latest short term energy outlook (STEO), which was released earlier this month, the U.S. will produce 13.45 million barrels of crude oil, including lease condensate, per day in the second quarter of this year. Of this total, 11.23 million barrels will come from Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, the EIA showed in its STEO. The Federal Gulf of America will produce 1.81 million barrels per day of the total and Alaska will produce 0.41 million barrels per day, the STEO pointed out. The EIA’s latest STEO highlighted that U.S. crude oil production averaged 13.35 million barrels per day in the first quarter of this year. The Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 11.09 million barrels per day of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.82 million barrels per day, and Alaska provided 0.44 million barrels per day, the STEO showed. In the second quarter of 2024, the U.S. produced 13.23 million barrels of crude oil per day, with 11.01 million barrels coming from the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, 1.80 million barrels coming from the Federal Gulf of America, and 0.42 million barrels coming from Alaska, the EIA’s April STEO outlined. In the first quarter of last year, U.S. crude oil production averaged 12.94 million barrels per day, according to the EIA’s latest STEO, which pointed out that the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 10.73 million barrels of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.78 million barrels, and Alaska provided 0.43 million barrels. Future Projections The EIA’s April STEO projects that U.S. crude oil production will average 13.51 million barrels per day overall in 2025 and 13.56 million barrels per day overall in 2026. This

Read More »

How Much Oil is the USA Producing Right Now?

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) latest short term energy outlook (STEO), which was released earlier this month, the U.S. will produce 13.45 million barrels of crude oil, including lease condensate, per day in the second quarter of this year. Of this total, 11.23 million barrels will come from Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, the EIA showed in its STEO. The Federal Gulf of America will produce 1.81 million barrels per day of the total and Alaska will produce 0.41 million barrels per day, the STEO pointed out. The EIA’s latest STEO highlighted that U.S. crude oil production averaged 13.35 million barrels per day in the first quarter of this year. The Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 11.09 million barrels per day of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.82 million barrels per day, and Alaska provided 0.44 million barrels per day, the STEO showed. In the second quarter of 2024, the U.S. produced 13.23 million barrels of crude oil per day, with 11.01 million barrels coming from the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, 1.80 million barrels coming from the Federal Gulf of America, and 0.42 million barrels coming from Alaska, the EIA’s April STEO outlined. In the first quarter of last year, U.S. crude oil production averaged 12.94 million barrels per day, according to the EIA’s latest STEO, which pointed out that the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 10.73 million barrels of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.78 million barrels, and Alaska provided 0.43 million barrels. Future Projections The EIA’s April STEO projects that U.S. crude oil production will average 13.51 million barrels per day overall in 2025 and 13.56 million barrels per day overall in 2026. This

Read More »

How Much Oil is the USA Producing Right Now?

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) latest short term energy outlook (STEO), which was released earlier this month, the U.S. will produce 13.45 million barrels of crude oil, including lease condensate, per day in the second quarter of this year. Of this total, 11.23 million barrels will come from Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, the EIA showed in its STEO. The Federal Gulf of America will produce 1.81 million barrels per day of the total and Alaska will produce 0.41 million barrels per day, the STEO pointed out. The EIA’s latest STEO highlighted that U.S. crude oil production averaged 13.35 million barrels per day in the first quarter of this year. The Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 11.09 million barrels per day of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.82 million barrels per day, and Alaska provided 0.44 million barrels per day, the STEO showed. In the second quarter of 2024, the U.S. produced 13.23 million barrels of crude oil per day, with 11.01 million barrels coming from the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, 1.80 million barrels coming from the Federal Gulf of America, and 0.42 million barrels coming from Alaska, the EIA’s April STEO outlined. In the first quarter of last year, U.S. crude oil production averaged 12.94 million barrels per day, according to the EIA’s latest STEO, which pointed out that the Lower 48 states, excluding the Gulf of America, provided 10.73 million barrels of that total, the Federal Gulf of America provided 1.78 million barrels, and Alaska provided 0.43 million barrels. Future Projections The EIA’s April STEO projects that U.S. crude oil production will average 13.51 million barrels per day overall in 2025 and 13.56 million barrels per day overall in 2026. This

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CIOs could improve sustainability with data center purchasing decisions — but don’t

CIOs can drive change Even though it’s difficult to calculate an organization’s carbon footprint, CIOs and IT purchasing leaders trying to reduce their environmental impact can influence data center operators, experts say. “Customers have a very large voice,” Seagate’s Feist says. “Don’t underestimate how powerful that CIO feedback loop is. The large cloud accounts are customer-obsessed organizations, so they listen, and they react.” While DataBank began using renewable energy years ago, customer demand can push more data center operators to follow suit, Gerson says. “For sure, if there is a requirement to purchase renewable power, we are going to purchase renewable power,” she adds.

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Copper-to-optics technology eyed for next-gen AI networking gear

Broadcom’s demonstration and a follow-up session explored the benefits of further developing CPC, such as reduced signal integrity penalties and extended reach, through channel modeling and simulations, Broadcom wrote in a blog about the DesignCon event. “Experimental results showed successful implementation of CPC, demonstrating its potential to address bandwidth and signal integrity challenges in data centers, which is crucial for AI applications,” Broadcom stated. In addition to the demo, Broadcom and Samtec also authored a white paper on CPC that stated: “Co-packaged connectivity (CPC) provides the opportunity to omit loss and reflection penalties from the [printed circuit board (PCB)] and the package. When high speed I/O is cabled from the top of the package advanced PCB materials are not necessary. Losses from package vertical paths and PCB routing can be transferred to the longer reach of cables,” the authors stated. “As highly complex systems are challenged to scale the number of I/O and their reach, co- packaged connectivity presents opportunity. As we approach 224G-PAM4 [which uses optical techniques to support 224 Gigabits per second data rates per optical lane] and above, system loss and dominating noise sources necessitate the need to re-consider that which has been restricted in the back of the system architect’s mind for years: What if we attached to the package?” At OFC, Samtec demonstrated its Si-FlyHD co-packaged cable assemblies and Samtec FlyoverOctal Small Form-factor Pluggable (OSFP) over the Samtec Eye Speed Hyper Low Skew twinax copper cable. Flyover is Samtec’s proprietary way of addressing signal integrity and reach limitations of routing high-speed signals through traditional printed circuit boards (PCBs). “This evaluation platform incorporates Broadcom’s industry-leading 200G SerDes technology and Samtec’s co-packaged Flyover technology. Si-Fly HD CPC offers the industry’s highest footprint density and robust interconnect which enables 102.4T (512 lanes at 200G) in a 95 x

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The Rise of AI Factories: Transforming Intelligence at Scale

AI Factories Redefine Infrastructure The architecture of AI factories reflects a paradigm shift that mirrors the evolution of the industrial age itself—from manual processes to automation, and now to autonomous intelligence. Nvidia’s framing of these systems as “factories” isn’t just branding; it’s a conceptual leap that positions AI infrastructure as the new production line. GPUs are the engines, data is the raw material, and the output isn’t a physical product, but predictive power at unprecedented scale. In this vision, compute capacity becomes a strategic asset, and the ability to iterate faster on AI models becomes a competitive differentiator, not just a technical milestone. This evolution also introduces a new calculus for data center investment. The cost-per-token of inference—how efficiently a system can produce usable AI output—emerges as a critical KPI, replacing traditional metrics like PUE or rack density as primary indicators of performance. That changes the game for developers, operators, and regulators alike. Just as cloud computing shifted the industry’s center of gravity over the past decade, the rise of AI factories is likely to redraw the map again—favoring locations with not only robust power and cooling, but with access to clean energy, proximity to data-rich ecosystems, and incentives that align with national digital strategies. The Economics of AI: Scaling Laws and Compute Demand At the heart of the AI factory model is a requirement for a deep understanding of the scaling laws that govern AI economics. Initially, the emphasis in AI revolved around pretraining large models, requiring massive amounts of compute, expert labor, and curated data. Over five years, pretraining compute needs have increased by a factor of 50 million. However, once a foundational model is trained, the downstream potential multiplies exponentially, while the compute required to utilize a fully trained model for standard inference is significantly less than

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Google’s AI-Powered Grid Revolution: How Data Centers Are Reshaping the U.S. Power Landscape

Google Unveils Groundbreaking AI Partnership with PJM and Tapestry to Reinvent the U.S. Power Grid In a move that underscores the growing intersection between digital infrastructure and energy resilience, Google has announced a major new initiative to modernize the U.S. electric grid using artificial intelligence. The company is partnering with PJM Interconnection—the largest grid operator in North America—and Tapestry, an Alphabet moonshot backed by Google Cloud and DeepMind, to develop AI tools aimed at transforming how new power sources are brought online. The initiative, detailed in a blog post by Alphabet and Google President Ruth Porat, represents one of Google’s most ambitious energy collaborations to date. It seeks to address mounting challenges facing grid operators, particularly the explosive backlog of energy generation projects that await interconnection in a power system unprepared for 21st-century demands. “This is our biggest step yet to use AI for building a stronger, more resilient electricity system,” Porat wrote. Tapping AI to Tackle an Interconnection Crisis The timing is critical. The U.S. energy grid is facing a historic inflection point. According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, more than 2,600 gigawatts (GW) of generation and storage projects were waiting in interconnection queues at the end of 2023—more than double the total installed capacity of the entire U.S. grid. Meanwhile, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has revised its five-year demand forecast, now projecting U.S. peak load to rise by 128 GW before 2030—more than triple the previous estimate. Grid operators like PJM are straining to process a surge in interconnection requests, which have skyrocketed from a few dozen to thousands annually. This wave of applications has exposed the limits of legacy systems and planning tools. Enter AI. Tapestry’s role is to develop and deploy AI models that can intelligently manage and streamline the complex process of

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Podcast: Vaire Computing Bets on Reversible Logic for ‘Near Zero Energy’ AI Data Centers

The AI revolution is charging ahead—but powering it shouldn’t cost us the planet. That tension lies at the heart of Vaire Computing’s bold proposition: rethinking the very logic that underpins silicon to make chips radically more energy efficient. Speaking on the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Vaire CEO Rodolfo Rossini laid out a compelling case for why the next era of compute won’t just be about scaling transistors—but reinventing the way they work. “Moore’s Law is coming to an end, at least for classical CMOS,” Rossini said. “There are a number of potential architectures out there—quantum and photonics are the most well known. Our bet is that the future will look a lot like existing CMOS, but the logic will look very, very, very different.” That bet is reversible computing—a largely untapped architecture that promises major gains in energy efficiency by recovering energy lost during computation. A Forgotten Frontier Unlike conventional chips that discard energy with each logic operation, reversible chips can theoretically recycle that energy. The concept, Rossini explained, isn’t new—but it’s long been overlooked. “The tech is really old. I mean really old,” Rossini said. “The seeds of this technology were actually at the very beginning of the industrial revolution.” Drawing on the work of 19th-century mechanical engineers like Sadi Carnot and later insights from John von Neumann, the theoretical underpinnings of reversible computing stretch back decades. A pivotal 1961 paper formally connected reversibility to energy efficiency in computing. But progress stalled—until now. “Nothing really happened until a team of MIT students built the first chip in the 1990s,” Rossini noted. “But they were trying to build a CPU, which is a world of pain. There’s a reason why I don’t think there’s been a startup trying to build CPUs for a very, very long time.” AI, the

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Pennsylvania’s Homer City Energy Campus: A Brownfield Transformed for Data Center Innovation

The redevelopment of the Homer City Generating Station in Pennsylvania represents an important transformation from a decommissioned coal-fired power plant to a state-of-the-art natural gas-powered data center campus, showing the creative reuse of a large brownfield site and the creation of what can be a significant location in power generation and the digital future. The redevelopment will address the growing energy demands of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing technologies, while also contributing to Pennsylvania’s digital advancement, in an area not known as a hotbed of technical prowess. Brownfield Development Established in 1969, the original generating station was a 2-gigawatt coal-fired power plant located near Homer City, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. The site was formerly the largest coal-burning power plant in the state, and known for its 1,217-foot chimney, the tallest in the United States. In April 2023, the owners announced its closure due to competition from cheaper natural gas and the rising costs of environmental compliance. The plant was officially decommissioned on July 1, 2023, and its demolition, including the iconic chimney, was completed by March 22, 2025. ​ The redevelopment project, led by Homer City Redevelopment (HCR) in partnership with Kiewit Power Constructors Co., plans to transform the 3,200-acre site into the Homer City Energy Campus, via construction of a 4.5-gigawatt natural gas-fired power plant, making it the largest of its kind in the United States. Gas Turbines This plant will utilize seven high-efficiency, hydrogen-enabled 7HA.02 gas turbines supplied by GE Vernova, with deliveries expected to begin in 2026. ​The GE Vernova gas turbine has been seeing significant interest in the power generation market as new power plants have been moving to the planning stage. The GE Vernova 7HA.02 is a high-efficiency, hydrogen-enabled gas turbine designed for advanced power generation applications. As part of GE Vernova’s HA product line, it

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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