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Roundtables: Brain-Computer Interfaces: From Promise to Product

Available only for MIT Alumni and subscribers. Recorded on April 23, 2025 [embedded content] Brain-Computer Interfaces: From Promise to Product Speakers: David Rotman, editor at large, and Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been crowned the 11th Breakthrough Technology of 2025 by MIT Technology Review’s readers. BCIs are electrodes implanted into the brain to send neural commands to computers, primarily to assist paralyzed people. Hear from MIT Technology Review editor at large David Rotman and senior editor for biomedicine Antonio Regalado as they explore the past, present, and future of BCIs. Related Coverage

Available only for MIT Alumni and subscribers.

Recorded on April 23, 2025

[embedded content]

Brain-Computer Interfaces: From Promise to Product

Speakers: David Rotman, editor at large, and Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine.

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have been crowned the 11th Breakthrough Technology of 2025 by MIT Technology Review‘s readers. BCIs are electrodes implanted into the brain to send neural commands to computers, primarily to assist paralyzed people. Hear from MIT Technology Review editor at large David Rotman and senior editor for biomedicine Antonio Regalado as they explore the past, present, and future of BCIs.

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Stay ahead with more perspectives on cutting-edge power, infrastructure, energy,  bitcoin and AI solutions. Explore these articles to uncover strategies and insights shaping the future of industries.

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Linkerd 2.18 advances cloud-native service mesh

The project’s focus has evolved significantly over the years. While early adoption centered on mutual TLS between pods, today’s enterprises are tackling much larger challenges. “For a long time, the most common pattern was simply, ‘I want to get mutual TLS between all my pods, which gives me encryption, and

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18 essential commands for new Linux users

[jdoe@fedora ~]$ ls -ld /home/jdoedrwx——. 1 jdoe jdoe 106 Apr 3 14:39 /home/jdoe As you may have suspected, “r” stands for read, “w” means write and “x” is for execute. Note that no permissions are available for other group members and anyone else on the system. Each user will be

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What are GPUs? Inside the processing power behind AI

AI and generative AI Today’s increasingly sophisticated AI technologies — notably large language models (LLMs) and generative AI — require lots of speed, lots of data and lots of compute. Because they can perform simultaneous calculations and handle vast amounts of data, GPUs have become the powerhouse behind AI (e.g.,

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Aberdeen MP calls for support for North Sea oil and gas workers

Calls have been made for the UK government to provide transitional support for North Sea oil and gas workers by a north-east Scotland MP. Leading a debate in Westminster, MP for Aberdeen north Kirsty Blackman urged the UK government to deliver a clear and credible plan to protect jobs and communities during the energy transition. “As of 2021, direct employment in oil and gas in Aberdeen has declined by nearly one-third since 2015,” Blackman said, citing evidence from the UK’s seventh carbon budget. “Household disposable income has fallen and poverty has increased… some estimates indicate that around 14,000 people in the region will need to have moved to other roles or sectors between 2022 and 2030.” The fate of North Sea oil and gas workers, along with those in services reliant upon extraction, is a key challenge of the UK’s energy transition. The Labour Party previously made banning future North Sea oil and gas licences a key part of its election campaign as it looks to move the country away from fossil fuels towards renewables. Aberdeen North MP, Kirsty Blackman.Photo: PARBUL/PA Wire Addressing the chamber, the SNP MP warned that political uncertainty and a lack of investment are threatening to derail the UK’s energy ambitions, with skilled workers increasingly looking overseas for opportunities. “We are at a tipping point,” Blackman added. “The risk is that these highly mobile, highly paid oil and gas workers will go abroad. They can up sticks and move to another country, because drilling is the same there—even if the carbon cost is higher and conditions are worse.” Support plan Blackman previously gave her backing to Unite the Union’s ‘No Ban Without a Plan’ campaign to preserve oil worker jobs throughout the transition The trade union launched the campaign to create 35,000 commensurate new energy transition

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Commerce finalizes tariff rates on solar imports from Southeast Asia

Dive Brief: The U.S. Commerce Department on Monday announced its final determinations in an antidumping and countervailing duty investigation into solar cell imports from four Southeast Asian countries, setting individual tariff rates of more than 3,400%. “These are very strong results,” said Tim Brightbill, attorney for the American Alliance for Solar Manufacturing Trade Committee, the alliance of seven U.S. solar manufacturers that originally brought the case to the Commerce Department and the U.S. International Trade Commission. Brightbill spoke during a Monday press call.  The 3,403.96% subsidy rate set for four Cambodian solar exporters is “among the highest rates I’ve ever seen in any kind of countervailing duty investigation,” Brightbill said.  Dive Insight: The across-the-board dumping rate for Cambodia is 125.37%. The rate was set after the Cambodian producers dropped out of the investigation, leaving trade officials to base the rate on the facts available with “adverse inferences.” The Commerce Department in 2023 found that manufacturers had operated in Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam to dodge tariffs on Chinese-made solar components, and it imposed import duties accordingly.  Chinese solar module manufacturer JinkoSolar is subject to an individual 3,403.96% subsidy rate in Cambodia, an 38.38% subsidy rate in Malaysia, and an 125.91% dumping rate in Vietnam. Individual subsidy rates for Thailand go as high as 799.55%, while rates for Vietnam go to 542.64%. The average countervailing duty rate increase was 600%, Jeffries said in a Tuesday equity research report.  “Most notably, CVD rates for Thailand/Cambodia were up 250[%]/~400[%] for select suppliers vs. updated [preliminary] determinations, while Malaysia/Vietnam saw more modest 20[%]/30[%] increases (with a few exceptions),” Jeffries said. “Per BNEF, the U.S. imported $12.9 [billion] in cells/modules from the four countries, or 77% of total module imports.”  The finding could be a “modest positive” for First Solar “if it can capitalize by adding to backlog,”

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Baker Hughes Posts $402MM Q1 Profit

Baker Hughes Co. has reported $402 million in net income for the first quarter (Q1), down $777 million from the prior three-month period and $53 million against Q1 2024. Net earnings adjusted for nonrecurring or extraordinary items fell 27 percent quarter-on-quarter but rose 19 percent year-on-year to $509 million, or 51 cents per share. Adjustments totaled $108 million. The adjusted figure beat the average estimate of 47 cents from analysts surveyed by Zacks. The Houston, Texas-based oilfield and energy tech heavyweight closed higher at $38.36 on Nasdaq on results day. Meanwhile Baker Hughes’ adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) dropped 21 percent sequentially but grew 10 percent year-over-year to $1.04 billion. Adjustments totaled $140 million. The quarter-on-quarter decline in adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA primarily resulted from lower volumes in both the oilfield services and equipment (OFSE) segment and the industrial and energy technology (IET) segment. The decrease in volumes was partially offset by “productivity and structural cost-out initiatives”, Baker Hughes said in an online statement. “The year-over-year increase in adjusted net income and adjusted EBITDA was driven by increased volume in IET including higher proportionate growth in Gas Technology Equipment and productivity, structural cost-out initiatives and higher pricing in both segments, partially offset by decreased volume and business mix in OFSE and cost inflation in both segments”. Revenue totaled $6.43 billion, down 13 percent sequentially but stable year-on-year. Operating activities in the January-March 2025 period generated $709 million in cash flow. Free cash flow landed at $454 million. “In our IET segment, we booked $3.2 billion of orders, including our first data center awards, totaling more than 350 MW of power solutions for this rapidly evolving market”, highlighted chair and chief executive Lorenzo Simonelli. “In addition to expanding opportunities for data centers, we have a strong pipeline

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USA Widens Sanctions on Iran to Target Lucrative Gas Exports

The US’s campaign to impose “maximum pressure” on Iran’s economy now includes the Islamic Republic’s liquefied petroleum gas exports, as Washington broadens its focus beyond crude oil. The Treasury Department on Tuesday sanctioned Iranian national Seyed Asadoollah Emamjomeh, who’s known to ship liquefied petroleum gas and crude oil from the country to foreign markets, some of his trading companies, an LPG tanker, and his son, Meisam Emamjomeh. It marks a step-up in Washington’s actions against individuals or entities involved in the trade of Iran’s non-crude energy exports. LPG is a major source of revenue for Tehran, which uses the proceeds to fund its nuclear ambitions and support regional groups including Hezbollah, the Houthis and Hamas, the Treasury said in a statement. Tehran and Washington have restarted talks over Iran’s nuclear program, with Iranian officials asking for guarantees that US sanctions will be lifted in order to address US concerns. China is a big buyer of Iranian LPG. The Islamic Republic was the No. 2 source for China’s imports of propane, a type of LPG, last year, according to the Energy Information Administration. The US was China’s biggest propane supplier, though that relationship is now threatened by the trade war between the two countries that’s already disrupted flows. Washington has long targeted Iran’s crude exports. Several rounds of sanctions have impacted how the country’s oil was delivered to buyers in China, though flows appear to have recovered. China’s purchases of Iranian oil are often labeled as coming from Malaysia, with the barrels transferred between ships in the waters off the Southeast Asian nation in order to mask their origins. WHAT DO YOU THINK? Generated by readers, the comments included herein do not reflect the views and opinions of Rigzone. All comments are subject to editorial review. Off-topic, inappropriate or insulting comments will be removed. MORE FROM THIS AUTHOR

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Calpine, Constellation, others seek settlement talks over PJM colocation rules

Calpine, Constellation Energy Generation, LS Power and generator trade groups on Tuesday asked the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to order settlement talks to resolve issues surrounding the PJM Interconnection’s rules for colocating data centers at power plants. FERC should declare that PJM’s colocation rules should be replaced because they lack adequate clarity or consistency on the rates, terms or conditions of service, according to the joint filing by the Electric Power Supply Association; the PJM Power Providers Group, or P3; Calpine; Cogentrix Energy Power Management; Constellation; and LS Power. The request for 90 days of settlement talks is in response to FERC’s review of PJM’s colocation rules that was launched by a “show cause” order on Feb. 20. “The Commission should direct parties to this settlement process to identify an acceptable replacement rate that reasonably establishes the services, if any, used by co-located loads, and allocates any costs to such loads (or the generator serving them) consistent with cost causation principles,” the companies and trade groups said. PJM and transmission owners appear to expect that FERC will order settlement talks, according to the companies and trade groups. In responses to FERC’s show cause order, PJM offered alternate approaches to colocation that would need stakeholder input and PJM transmission owners said they “anticipate the potential for further discussion regarding possible changes to tariffs,” the companies and trade groups noted. “An attempt to settle these disputes is clearly worth the effort,” the companies and trade groups said. “There is value to a prompt resolution of these heavily contested co-location issues to ensure that the United States does not fall behind in the Artificial Intelligence revolution.” Colocation arrangements where large loads such as data centers are sited at power plants are becoming popular, but clarity about the rules for the practice is needed,

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Industry Body Looks at March Texas Upstream Employment

According to the Texas Independent Producers and Royalty Owners Association’s (TIPRO) analysis, direct Texas upstream employment for March totaled 204,400. That’s what TIPRO said in a statement sent to Rigzone by the TIPRO team recently, which cited the latest Current Employment Statistics (CES) report from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). In the statement, TIPRO highlighted that the March figure was “a decrease of 700 industry positions from February employment numbers, subject to revisions”. TIPRO noted in the statement that this represented a decline of 900 jobs in the services sector and an increase of 200 jobs in oil and gas extraction. “TIPRO’s new workforce data still indicated strong job postings for the Texas oil and natural gas industry,” the organization said in its statement. “According to the association, there were 10,120 active unique jobs postings for the Texas oil and natural gas industry last month, including 3,458 new postings,” it added. “In comparison, the state of California had 2,777 unique job postings in March, followed by New York (2,892), Florida (1,781), and Colorado (1,438). TIPRO reported a total of 53,285 unique job postings nationwide last month within the oil and natural gas sector,” it continued. In its statement, TIPRO noted that, among the 19 specific industry sectors it uses to define the Texas oil and natural gas industry, “Gasoline Stations with Convenience Stores led in the ranking for unique job listings in March with 2,806 postings, followed by Support Activities for Oil and Gas Operations (2,247), and Petroleum Refineries (820)”. The leading three cities by total unique oil and natural gas job postings were Houston, with 2,212 postings, Midland, with 635 postings, and Odessa, with 412 postings, TIPRO highlighted in its statement. The top three companies ranked by unique job postings in March were Cefco, with 1,200, Love’s, with 726, and Energy Transfer, with 307, according to TIPRO. “Of the top ten companies listed by

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Cloudbrink pushes SASE boundaries with 300 Gbps data center throughput

Those core components are functionally table stakes and don’t really serve to differentiate Cloudbrink against its myriad competitors in the SASE market. Where Cloudbrink looks to differentiate is at a technical level through a series of innovations including: Distributed edge architecture: The company has decoupled software from hardware, allowing their platform to run across 800 data centers by leveraging public clouds, telco networks and edge computing infrastructure. This approach reduces network latency from 300 milliseconds to between 7 and 20 milliseconds, the company says. This density dramatically improves TCP performance and responsiveness. Protocol optimization: Cloudbrink developed its own algorithms for SD-WAN optimization that bring enterprise-grade reliability to last mile links. These algorithms significantly improve efficiency on consumer broadband connections, enabling enterprise-grade performance over standard internet links. Integrated security stack: “We’ve been able to produce secure speeds at line rate on our platform by bringing security to the networking stack itself,” Mana noted. Rather than treating security as a separate overlay that degrades performance, Cloudbrink integrates security functions directly into the networking stack. The solution consists of three core components: client software for user devices, a cloud management plane, and optional data center connectors for accessing internal applications. The client intelligently connects to multiple edge nodes simultaneously, providing redundancy and application-specific routing optimization. Cloudbrink expands global reach Beyond its efforts to increase throughput, Cloudbrink is also growing its global footprint. Cloudbrink today announced a global expansion through new channel agreements and the opening of a Brazil office to serve emerging markets in Latin America, Korea and Africa. The expansion includes exclusive partnerships with WITHX in Korea, BAMM Technologies for Latin America distribution and OneTic for African markets. The company’s software-defined FAST (Flexible, Autonomous, Smart and Temporary) Edges technology enables rapid deployment of points of presence by leveraging existing infrastructure from multiple

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CIOs could improve sustainability with data center purchasing decisions — but don’t

CIOs can drive change Even though it’s difficult to calculate an organization’s carbon footprint, CIOs and IT purchasing leaders trying to reduce their environmental impact can influence data center operators, experts say. “Customers have a very large voice,” Seagate’s Feist says. “Don’t underestimate how powerful that CIO feedback loop is. The large cloud accounts are customer-obsessed organizations, so they listen, and they react.” While DataBank began using renewable energy years ago, customer demand can push more data center operators to follow suit, Gerson says. “For sure, if there is a requirement to purchase renewable power, we are going to purchase renewable power,” she adds.

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Copper-to-optics technology eyed for next-gen AI networking gear

Broadcom’s demonstration and a follow-up session explored the benefits of further developing CPC, such as reduced signal integrity penalties and extended reach, through channel modeling and simulations, Broadcom wrote in a blog about the DesignCon event. “Experimental results showed successful implementation of CPC, demonstrating its potential to address bandwidth and signal integrity challenges in data centers, which is crucial for AI applications,” Broadcom stated. In addition to the demo, Broadcom and Samtec also authored a white paper on CPC that stated: “Co-packaged connectivity (CPC) provides the opportunity to omit loss and reflection penalties from the [printed circuit board (PCB)] and the package. When high speed I/O is cabled from the top of the package advanced PCB materials are not necessary. Losses from package vertical paths and PCB routing can be transferred to the longer reach of cables,” the authors stated. “As highly complex systems are challenged to scale the number of I/O and their reach, co- packaged connectivity presents opportunity. As we approach 224G-PAM4 [which uses optical techniques to support 224 Gigabits per second data rates per optical lane] and above, system loss and dominating noise sources necessitate the need to re-consider that which has been restricted in the back of the system architect’s mind for years: What if we attached to the package?” At OFC, Samtec demonstrated its Si-FlyHD co-packaged cable assemblies and Samtec FlyoverOctal Small Form-factor Pluggable (OSFP) over the Samtec Eye Speed Hyper Low Skew twinax copper cable. Flyover is Samtec’s proprietary way of addressing signal integrity and reach limitations of routing high-speed signals through traditional printed circuit boards (PCBs). “This evaluation platform incorporates Broadcom’s industry-leading 200G SerDes technology and Samtec’s co-packaged Flyover technology. Si-Fly HD CPC offers the industry’s highest footprint density and robust interconnect which enables 102.4T (512 lanes at 200G) in a 95 x

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The Rise of AI Factories: Transforming Intelligence at Scale

AI Factories Redefine Infrastructure The architecture of AI factories reflects a paradigm shift that mirrors the evolution of the industrial age itself—from manual processes to automation, and now to autonomous intelligence. Nvidia’s framing of these systems as “factories” isn’t just branding; it’s a conceptual leap that positions AI infrastructure as the new production line. GPUs are the engines, data is the raw material, and the output isn’t a physical product, but predictive power at unprecedented scale. In this vision, compute capacity becomes a strategic asset, and the ability to iterate faster on AI models becomes a competitive differentiator, not just a technical milestone. This evolution also introduces a new calculus for data center investment. The cost-per-token of inference—how efficiently a system can produce usable AI output—emerges as a critical KPI, replacing traditional metrics like PUE or rack density as primary indicators of performance. That changes the game for developers, operators, and regulators alike. Just as cloud computing shifted the industry’s center of gravity over the past decade, the rise of AI factories is likely to redraw the map again—favoring locations with not only robust power and cooling, but with access to clean energy, proximity to data-rich ecosystems, and incentives that align with national digital strategies. The Economics of AI: Scaling Laws and Compute Demand At the heart of the AI factory model is a requirement for a deep understanding of the scaling laws that govern AI economics. Initially, the emphasis in AI revolved around pretraining large models, requiring massive amounts of compute, expert labor, and curated data. Over five years, pretraining compute needs have increased by a factor of 50 million. However, once a foundational model is trained, the downstream potential multiplies exponentially, while the compute required to utilize a fully trained model for standard inference is significantly less than

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Google’s AI-Powered Grid Revolution: How Data Centers Are Reshaping the U.S. Power Landscape

Google Unveils Groundbreaking AI Partnership with PJM and Tapestry to Reinvent the U.S. Power Grid In a move that underscores the growing intersection between digital infrastructure and energy resilience, Google has announced a major new initiative to modernize the U.S. electric grid using artificial intelligence. The company is partnering with PJM Interconnection—the largest grid operator in North America—and Tapestry, an Alphabet moonshot backed by Google Cloud and DeepMind, to develop AI tools aimed at transforming how new power sources are brought online. The initiative, detailed in a blog post by Alphabet and Google President Ruth Porat, represents one of Google’s most ambitious energy collaborations to date. It seeks to address mounting challenges facing grid operators, particularly the explosive backlog of energy generation projects that await interconnection in a power system unprepared for 21st-century demands. “This is our biggest step yet to use AI for building a stronger, more resilient electricity system,” Porat wrote. Tapping AI to Tackle an Interconnection Crisis The timing is critical. The U.S. energy grid is facing a historic inflection point. According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, more than 2,600 gigawatts (GW) of generation and storage projects were waiting in interconnection queues at the end of 2023—more than double the total installed capacity of the entire U.S. grid. Meanwhile, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has revised its five-year demand forecast, now projecting U.S. peak load to rise by 128 GW before 2030—more than triple the previous estimate. Grid operators like PJM are straining to process a surge in interconnection requests, which have skyrocketed from a few dozen to thousands annually. This wave of applications has exposed the limits of legacy systems and planning tools. Enter AI. Tapestry’s role is to develop and deploy AI models that can intelligently manage and streamline the complex process of

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Podcast: Vaire Computing Bets on Reversible Logic for ‘Near Zero Energy’ AI Data Centers

The AI revolution is charging ahead—but powering it shouldn’t cost us the planet. That tension lies at the heart of Vaire Computing’s bold proposition: rethinking the very logic that underpins silicon to make chips radically more energy efficient. Speaking on the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Vaire CEO Rodolfo Rossini laid out a compelling case for why the next era of compute won’t just be about scaling transistors—but reinventing the way they work. “Moore’s Law is coming to an end, at least for classical CMOS,” Rossini said. “There are a number of potential architectures out there—quantum and photonics are the most well known. Our bet is that the future will look a lot like existing CMOS, but the logic will look very, very, very different.” That bet is reversible computing—a largely untapped architecture that promises major gains in energy efficiency by recovering energy lost during computation. A Forgotten Frontier Unlike conventional chips that discard energy with each logic operation, reversible chips can theoretically recycle that energy. The concept, Rossini explained, isn’t new—but it’s long been overlooked. “The tech is really old. I mean really old,” Rossini said. “The seeds of this technology were actually at the very beginning of the industrial revolution.” Drawing on the work of 19th-century mechanical engineers like Sadi Carnot and later insights from John von Neumann, the theoretical underpinnings of reversible computing stretch back decades. A pivotal 1961 paper formally connected reversibility to energy efficiency in computing. But progress stalled—until now. “Nothing really happened until a team of MIT students built the first chip in the 1990s,” Rossini noted. “But they were trying to build a CPU, which is a world of pain. There’s a reason why I don’t think there’s been a startup trying to build CPUs for a very, very long time.” AI, the

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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