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Pertamina taps ABL for Cilacap refinery project

Indonesia’s state-owned PT Pertamina has let a contract to ABL Group ASA to deliver a suite of services for a project to improve asset management and maintenance as part of a broader modernization program at subsidiary PT Kilang Pertamina Internasional’s (PT KPI) 348,000-b/d Cilacap integrated refining and petrochemical complex in

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Taiwan chip tariff would cause industry harm, analysts say

“The tech industry is a global industry, and as we saw during Trump’s first term, if you place restrictions on any part of the value chain, you impact the entire value chain in one way or another. Between Trump’s threats and [Xi Jinping,  China’s president] threats [referring to the restriction

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Starmer faces rising MP backlash over support for Rosebank

UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer is facing mounting pressure from MPs over plans to potentially support the controversial North Sea Rosebank oil development. Chancellor Rachel Reeves is understood to be supportive of a new application for consent for development of the field, led by Norway’s Equinor (OSL: EQNR), after a judge ruled its licence was “unlawful”. Equinor and its partner Ithaca Energy (LON: ITH) were allowed by the judge to continue development of what has been described as one of the UK’s most significant oil and gas fields but they will have to resubmit an environmental assessment of the project. The assessment will be subject to new guidelines for the industry which the Labour Government has pledged to deliver in Springtime. But reports have suggested Labour is at loggerheads over sticking to its manifesto pledge not to issue new exploration licences, but not to cancel ones that have already been issued. Rosebank was awarded a licence in 2023, but MPs are mobilising against supporting the assessment. The Labour Growth Group – a large caucus of mostly new Labour MPs  – will not take a position backing Rosebank, although the group did give its backing to Heathrow expansion which was announced by Reeves last week, a report in the Guardian has suggested. Several MPs also spoke anonymously to the paper, warning  more criticism would be forthcoming if approval was being pushed by the Treasury. Meanwhile, chairs of a number all-party parliamentary groups focusing on climate change, renewable energy and net zero including Luke Murphy, Polly Billington, and Alex Sobel signed a letter published in the Times suggesting that “doubling down on fossil fuels locks the UK into a declining sector”. It added: “Take the Rosebank field, for example. Much has been made of its supposed benefits for energy security, but the reality is

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ADNOC-ADQ JV Awards $2 Billion Build Contracts for Chemical Hub

TA’ZIZ, an Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC) joint venture tasked with establishing a “chemicals and transition fuels ecosystem”, has awarded over $2 billion worth of engineering, procurement and construction contracts for the Al Ruwais project. In the first phase, the ecosystem project is expected to produce 4.7 million tons a year of chemicals by 2028. “TA’ZIZ will produce a range of chemicals, many of which have not previously been manufactured in the UAE, enabling the local manufacture of many new construction, agriculture and healthcare products”, ADNOC said in a statement. “In its initial phase, TA’ZIZ will produce six chemicals: caustic, ethylene dichloride, vinyl chloride monomer, polyvinyl chloride, low-carbon ammonia and methanol”. NMDC Group won the contract for the chemicals port of the project. “When the port is complete, it will facilitate the export of chemicals and transition fuels, ensuring operational connectivity to regional and global markets and enhancing access to imported supplies”, ADNOC said. Meanwhile Rotary Engineering–Abu Dhabi will build the terminal portion, which will have storage facilities, tank-to-jetty pipelines, jetty-to-tank pipelines and inter-site pipelines. “The dedicated chemicals port and terminal will enable exports from the 1 mtpa [million tons per annum] low-carbon ammonia production facility and world-scale methanol plant TAZIZ is building in Ruwais, as well as imports of key materials”, ADNOC said. Al Geemi Contracting won two contracts, one to build utilities including for power transmission, steam and water, and another to build ancillary infrastructure such as internal roads, buildings and security fencing. “A significant portion of the value of the contracts is expected to flow back into the UAE’s economy under ADNOC’s In-Country Value program, boosting economic growth and diversification in Al Dhafra region”, ADNOC added. “The awards will also accelerate TA’ZIZ’s efforts to establish a domestic low-carbon chemicals supply chain, while supporting ADNOC’s chemicals growth

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ADNOC-ADQ JV Awards $1.7 Billion Build Contract for UAE Methanol Plant

TA’ZIZ, an Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. (ADNOC) and ADQ joint venture tasked with establishing a “chemicals and transition fuels ecosystem”, has awarded a $1.7 billion engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for a methanol production facility in the Al Ruwais ecosystem project. Expected to be completed 2028, the plant will be the first methanol production facility in the United Arab Emirates, according to TA’ZIZ. The plant is planned to produce up to 1.8 million metric tons a year of clean energy-powered methanol. “This landmark EPC contract award is a significant step in realizing TA’ZIZ’s vision to drive the UAE’s industrial growth by creating a world-scale integrated chemicals ecosystem in Al Dhafra region”, TA’ZIZ chief executive Mashal Saoud Al-Kindi said in a company statement. “The plant will enhance the UAE’s position as a leader in sustainable chemicals production and strengthen TA’ZIZ’s role in enabling ADNOC’s global ambition to lead the chemicals sector”. SAMSUNG E&A Co. Ltd. won the contract. “SAMSUNG E&A will bring its successful experience of a recently completed methanol plant in Malaysia and the active application of its unique execution system, characterized by modularization and automation, to the project”, the South Korean company said in a separate press release. Hong Namkoong, president and chief executive of SAMSUNG E&A, commented, “We plan to actively leverage local resources and our network of partners based on our extensive regional experience in the Ruwais Industrial Complex, UAE”. ADNOC and ADQ aim to start producing chemicals in the first phase the Al Ruwais chemicals and transition fuels ecosystem in 2028. The first phase is expected to produce 4.7 million tons a year of chemicals. Late last year TA’ZIZ awarded over $2 billion worth of EPC contracts for infrastructure components of the ecosystem project. “TA’ZIZ will produce a range of chemicals, many of which

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Steel and chemical producers warn UK industry minister against ‘deindustrialisation’

Steel and other industrial sectors have written to industry minister Sarah Jones to express their concerns over the impact of net-zero policies on energy-intensive industries. In the letter, they highlighted the high electricity costs faced by the industrial sector and cautioned against the potential for “deindustrialisation” in the pursuit of sustainable economic growth. It said: “Many industrial decarbonisation projects rely on changes to behind-the-meter configurations or grid enhancements that under these proposals are likely be disadvantaged. “We would therefore like to see the government’s 2030 objectives for industrial decarbonisation given the same priority as electricity decarbonisation in terms of network connections.” They warned that energy costs in the UK remain among the highest for industries compared to Europe, Asia, or the US. Even with government mechanisms like the “British industry supercharger” in place, which is designed to reduce the cost of power in energy-intensive industries, a “substantial gap still remains” in electricity pricing across various sectors, according to industrial businesses. Representatives from these industries—including steel, metals, glass, ceramics, chemicals, refineries, paper, and mineral products—expressed their support for the government’s goals of enhancing economic growth while achieving net-zero targets. As employers, they said their sectors are crucial in the transition to decarbonisation technologies. However, they noted that high electricity costs, policy uncertainty, and the risk of carbon leakage hinder their ability to invest competitively in the UK. To address these challenges, the companies proposed increasing the rate of compensation for network charges from 60% to 90%, to align UK network charges more closely with those in key European countries. The letter highlighted that many European nations have implemented special network charging arrangements for electricity-intensive industries, offering almost full relief from charges. Industrial businesses raised concerns about the potential for “supply disruptions” as the transition to low-carbon energy continues. “As other European

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National Grid scores SF6 UK-first at London Power Tunnels project

The UK’s National Grid has reached a milestone in its programme to eliminate sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) from its network with the arrival of the first of two 178 tonne supergrid transformers and Hitachi Econiq SF6-free switchgear, at a new electricity substation being built in the UK capital. National Grid’s construction partner in the 400kV Bengeworth Road substation is Linxon. The project is a part of the £1 billion London Power Tunnels 2 project. The company regards Bengeworth Road as a “key milestone”, as it is said to be the first UK substation where SF6 has been eliminated from new. This piece of power infrastructure is located at the heart of National Grid’s 32.5 km London Power Tunnels 2 route between Wimbledon and Crayford. It will provide a 132kV connection for local grid operator UK Power Networks to distribute electricity on to homes and businesses in the area. A second transformer is planned to arrive at Bengeworth Road imminently (1 or 2 February). Two further transformers are planned for delivery to National Grid’s New Cross substation – also part of the London Power Tunnels 2 project – during the month and in the spring. SF6, the most pernicious of all greenhouse gases, is synthetic, virtually indestructible and commonly used in high-voltage electrical equipment worldwide owing to its chemical stability and superior insulating/anti-arcing properties. National Grid says the installation of SF6-free EconiQ equipment at Bengeworth Road represents a “crucial step” towards the company’s drive to eliminate the gas from its infrastructure by 2050. The interim global target is 50% by 2030 from a 2019 baseline. The company says it has slashed its SF6 emissions by more than 80% since 2000. What the company has done is declare all-out war on SF6, although the approach is best described as progressive. In its latest

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‘Clean power by 2030’: net-zero targets versus common sense

It was bad luck for Ed Miliband that his appearance before the House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee fell on the same day that a report by Cornwall Insight predicted the UK would fall 32GW short of his ‘clean power by 2030’ target. I don’t really know how Cornwall Insight arrive at their conclusions with such precision in a world of massive imponderables. Yet their crystal ball tells them we will be 16GW down on solar, 10GW behind schedule on onshore wind and a relatively modest 6GW short on offshore wind. Forgive my scepticism, but I would place more faith in sticking a pin in a race card. We can be confident Cornwall Insight’s analysts will have moved on by 2030 and, even if they haven’t, nobody will take the trouble to recall their soothsaying from five years previously. In the meantime, their function is to generate headlines. Actually, their research told us little that we didn’t know already. Cornwall Insight discovered that “grid connection delays, supply chain constraints and uncertainty surrounding electricity market reforms” are among the challenges holding back the 2030 ambition. Well, who would have guessed? I fear Mr Miliband is going to have a lot more such days if he stays in the job. While he insists that all is on course for “challenging but attainable” targets, a variety of soothsayers will say otherwise. Only as 2030 draws nearer will it be possible to adjudicate on who has been right. The problem is that common sense risks being subordinated to this never-ending argument about meeting targets. At this point, it is essential to make a semantic distinction. Objectives and targets are not synonymous. If Mr Miliband is, even now, capable of taking that distinction on board, he could become a lot more credible. Pretty much everyone,

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Timeline of HPE’s $14 billion bid for Juniper

June 20, 2024: HPE-Juniper merger faces antitrust inquiry in UK An inquiry into HPE’s $14 billion takeover of Juniper Networks by the UK’s Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), a move that potentially could delay approval of the deal, will have little impact on data center managers, said one analyst with Info-Tech Research Group. Both companies were informed of the inquiry by the CMA, the UK’s principal antitrust regulator, on Wednesday. July 17, 2024: Juniper advances AI networking software Juniper continues to improve its AI-native networking platform while HPE’s $14 billion deal to acquire Juniper continues to advance through the requisite regulatory hurdles. The latest platform upgrades are designed to help enterprise customers better manage and support AI in their data centers. Juniper is also offering a new validated design for enterprise AI clusters and has opened a lab to certify enterprise AI data center projects. Aug. 01, 2024: EU clears HPE’s $14 billion Juniper acquisition Hewlett Packard Enterprise’s proposed acquisition of Juniper Networks took a big step forward this week as the European Commission unconditionally approved the buy. Next up: US and UK regulatory approval? Nov. 21, 2024: AI networking a focus of HPE’s Juniper deal as Justice Department concerns swirl HPE’s acquisition of Juniper has been under regulatory scrutiny ever since HPE announced the $14 billion deal in January. The proposed deal has passed muster with a number of world agencies so far, but there is reportedly some concern about it from the US Department of Justice.  Jan. 30, 2025: U.S. Justice Department sues to block HPE’s $14 billion Juniper buy After months of speculation, the U.S. Justice Department sued to block the $14 billion sale of Juniper Networks to HPE. The DOJ said reduced competition in the wireless market is the biggest problem with the proposed buy. “This proposed acquisition risks substantially lessening competition in

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Verizon brings AI suite to enterprise infrastructure customers

Verizon Business has launched AI Connect, an integrated suite of products designed to let businesses deploy generative artificial intelligence (AI) workloads at scale. Verizon is building its AI ecosystem by repurposing its existing infrastructure assets in its intelligent and programmable network, which consists of fiber, edge networking, and data center assets, along with its metro and long-haul fiber, ILEC and Fios footprint, its metro network build-out, lit and dark fiber services, and 5G network. Verizon believes that the drive toward real-time decision-making using inferencing will be what drives demand for additional computing power.  The company cites a McKinsey report, which states that 60% to 70% of AI workloads are expected to shift to real-time inference by 2030. That will create an urgent need for low-latency connectivity, compute and security at the edge beyond current demand.

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Trump’s 100% tariff threat on Taiwan chips raises cost, supply chain fears

“I don’t think we will see a near-term impact, as it takes years to build fabs, but by the end of the decade, the US share could rise by a few percentage points,” Gupta said. “It’s hard to give an exact number, but if I were to estimate, I’d say 14-15%. That isn’t a lot, but for the US to gain share, someone else must lose it, and while the US is making efforts, we see similar developments across Asia.” Yet, if Washington imposes smaller tariffs on imports from countries such as India, Japan, or Malaysia, Taiwanese chipmakers may shift production there rather than to the US, according to Stephen Ezell, vice president at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (ITIF). “Additionally, if the tariffs applied to Chinese chip exports were lower than for Taiwanese exports, Trump would be helping Chinese semiconductor manufacturers, whose exports to the US market would then be less expensive,” Ezell said in a recent note. “So, for this policy to have any real effect, Trump effectively must raise tariffs on all semiconductors, and that would likely lead to global tit-for-tat.” Enterprise IT faces tough choices If semiconductor tariffs drive up costs, enterprises will be forced to reassess spending priorities, potentially delaying or cutting investments in critical IT infrastructure. Rising chip prices could squeeze budgets for AI, cloud computing, and data center expansions, forcing businesses to make difficult trade-offs. “On the corporate side, hyperscalers and enterprise players need to brace for impact over the next 2-3 years if high tariffs continue along with the erosion of operating margin,” Faruqui said. “In addition, the boards and CEOs have to boldly make heavy CAPEX investment on US Soil via US and Asian partners as soon as possible to realize HVM on US soil and alleviate operating margin erosion due to

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New tweak to Linux kernel could cut data center power usage by up to 30%

When network traffic is heavy, it is most efficient, and delivers the best performance, to disable interrupts and run in polling mode. But when network traffic is light, interrupt-driven processing works best, he noted. “An implementation using only polling would waste a lot of resources/energy during times of light traffic. An implementation using only interrupts becomes inefficient during times of heavy traffic. … So the biggest energy savings arise when comparing to a high-performance always-polling implementation during times of light traffic,” Karsten said. “Our mechanism automatically detects [the amount of network traffic] and switches between polling and interrupt-driven to get the best of both worlds.” In the patch cover letter, Damato described the implementation of the new parameter in more detail, noting: “this delivery mode is efficient, because it avoids softIRQ execution interfering with application processing during busy periods. It can be used with blocking epoll_wait to conserve CPU cycles during idle periods. The effect of alternating between busy and idle periods is that performance (throughput and latency) is very close to full busy polling, while CPU utilization is lower and very close to interrupt mitigation.” Added Karsten: “At the nuts and bolts level, enabling the feature requires a small tweak to applications and the setting of a system configuration variable.” And although he can’t yet quantify the energy benefits of the technique (the 30% saving cited is best case), he said, “the biggest energy savings arise when comparing to a high-performance always-polling implementation during times of light traffic.”

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Macquarie’s Big Play in AI and HPC: $17+ Billion Invested Across Two Data Center Titans

Macquarie Asset Management (MAM) is making bold moves to position itself as a dominant force in the rapidly growing sectors of AI and high-performance computing (HPC). In a single week, MAM has made two pivotal investments in Applied Digital and Aligned Data Centers, committing over $17 billion to fuel innovation, growth, and capacity expansion in critical infrastructure markets across the Americas. Both deals highlight the immense demand for AI-ready and HPC-optimized data centers, underscoring the ongoing digitization of the global economy and the insatiable need for computing power to drive artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and other resource-intensive workloads. Applied Digital Partners with Macquarie Asset Management for $5 Billion HPC Investment On January 14, Applied Digital Corporation announced what it billed as a transformative partnership with Macquarie to drive growth in HPC infrastructure. This agreement positions Applied Digital as a leading designer, builder, and operator of advanced data centers in the United States, catering to the growing demands of AI and HPC workloads. To account for the $5 billion commitment, funds managed by MAM will invest up to $900 million in Applied Digital’s Ellendale HPC Campus in North Dakota, with an additional $4.1 billion available for future HPC projects. This could support over 2 gigawatts (GW) of HPC data center development. MAM is a global asset manager overseeing approximately $633.7 billion in assets. Part of Australia-based Macquarie Group, it specializes in diverse investment solutions across real assets, real estate, credit, and equities. With its new landmark agreement with Macquarie, Applied Digital feels it is poised to redefine the HPC data center landscape, ensuring its place as a leader in the AI and HPC revolution. In terms of ownership structure, MAM’s investment here includes perpetual preferred equity and a 15% common equity interest in Applied Digital’s HPC business segment, allowing

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Data Center Frontier Announces Editorial Advisory Board for 2025 DCF Trends Summit

Nashua, NH – Data Center Frontier is excited to announce its Editorial Advisory Board for the second annual Data Center Frontier Trends Summit (DCF Trends Summit), taking place August 26-28, 2025, at the Hyatt Regency Reston in Reston, Virginia.  The 2025 DCF Trends Summit Editorial Advisory Board includes distinguished leaders from hyperscale and colocation operators, power and cooling solutions companies, IT and interconnection providers, and design/build/construction specialists. This year’s board has grown to include 15 esteemed executives, reflecting DCF’s commitment to providing comprehensive and diverse insights for the data center sector.  This visionary group of leaders, representing the critical facets of the data center ecosystem, will guide the event’s content and programming to address the most pressing trends impacting the industry. The group’s unparalleled expertise ensures the Summit will deliver essential insights to help data center stakeholders make informed decisions in the industry’s rapidly evolving landscape.  The Editorial Advisory Board for the 2025 DCF Trends Summit includes:  Scott Bergs, CEO, Dark Fiber & Infrastructure (DF&I) Steven Carlini, VP, Innovation and Data Center Energy Management Business, Schneider Electric Dan Crosby, CEO, Legend Energy Advisors Rob Coyle, Director of Technical Programs, Open Compute Project (OCP) Foundation Chris Downie, CEO, Flexential Sean Farney, VP of Data Centers, Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL) Mark Freeman, VP of Marketing, Vantage Data Centers Steven Lim, SVP of Marketing & GTM Strategy, NTT Global Data Centers David McCall, VP of Innovation, QTS Data Centers Nancy Novak, Chief Innovation Officer, Compass Datacenters Karen Petersburg, VP of Construction & Development, PowerHouse Data Centers Tara Risser, Chief Business Officer, Cologix Stefan Raab, Sr. Director, Business Development – AMER, Equinix Phill Lawson-Shanks, Chief Innovation Officer, Aligned Data Centers Brenda Van der Steen, VP of Global Growth Marketing, Digital Realty “The Editorial Advisory Board for the second annual Data Center Frontier Trends Summit is

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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