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BofA Sees Saudis Embarking on Long But Shallow Oil Price War

OPEC+’s oil-output hikes are part of a Saudi strategy that will see the kingdom embark on a long but shallow price war designed to recapture market share, Bank of America Corp.’s head of commodities research said.  The producer group, of which Saudi Arabia is the de-facto leader, announced a third output increase of more than 400,000 barrels […]

OPEC+’s oil-output hikes are part of a Saudi strategy that will see the kingdom embark on a long but shallow price war designed to recapture market share, Bank of America Corp.’s head of commodities research said. 

The producer group, of which Saudi Arabia is the de-facto leader, announced a third output increase of more than 400,000 barrels a day last month, bigger than previously planned. The additions are reversing years of supply curbs that were aimed at keeping prices higher.

“It’s not a price war that is going to be short and steep; rather it’s going to be a price war that is long and shallow,” BofA’s Francisco Blanch said in a Bloomberg Television interview. That reflects a desire to take market share from US shale, which is in relatively good health but faces higher costs of production, he said. 

The kingdom is also working to regain market share from fellow OPEC+ members, according to Blanch. 

“They’ve done this price support already by themselves for three-plus years,” which has allowed competitors’ output to rise, he said. “They’re done with that.”

Blanch noted that the change in strategy is already producing results, with the latest US oil-drilling data from Baker Hughes Co. showing the lowest rig count in about four years.



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At Cisco Live, it’s all about AI for networking and security

Key features of the Cisco Deep Network Model include: Purpose-built for networking: 20% more precise reasoning for troubleshooting, configuration, and automation. Trusted training: Fine-tuned on 40+ years of expertise and expert-vetted for accuracy. Continuous learning: Evolves with live telemetry and real-world Cisco TAC and CX services insights. Another new Agentic

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Kyndryl, AWS unwrap AI-driven mainframe migration service

Kyndryl is tapping into agentic AI technology from AWS to offer enterprise customers another way to integrate with or move mainframe applications to the AWS Cloud platform. Specifically, Kyndryl will offer an implementation service based on the recently announced AWS Transform package, which analyzes mainframe code bases, decomposes them into

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IBM claims to have ‘only realistic path’ to quantum computing

Error correction is the biggest obstacle to practical quantum computing. Quantum computing companies typically address error correction with redundant qubits, but with previous approaches the number of these redundant qubits would grow much faster than the number of total usable qubits, keeping the computers from reading any useful size. Earlier

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Oil Surges as USA Orders Partial Evacuation of Iraqi Embassy

Oil surged as the US government ordered a partial evacuation of its embassy in Iraq amid rising security risks.  West Texas Intermediate futures jumped 4.9% to settle above $68 a barrel, the largest gain since October, as the Trump administration reduced embassy staff in Iraq and permitted military service-members’ families to leave the region in response to ongoing security concerns. The UK Navy also issued a rare warning to mariners that higher tensions in the Middle East could affect shipping. The developments compounded speculation about possible supply disruptions in the Middle East after AFP reported that Iran threatened to target US military bases in the region if conflict breaks out. “Iranian rhetoric has turned notably more hostile, and these threats are being substantiated by real-world developments,” said Rebecca Babin, a senior energy trader at CIBC Private Wealth Group. “While geopolitical rallies are often seen as selling opportunities, this situation carries the added complexity of potential Israeli military action if negotiations break down, which is keeping traders more cautious about selling into the rally.” Elsewhere, President Donald Trump told the New York Post he’s “less confident” about whether he can convince Tehran to agree on shutting down its nuclear program. He also posted on social media that a trade deal with China was “done,” subject to the approval of President Xi Jinping.  Oil had been weighed down by expectations that a trade war between the world’s two largest economies would hurt demand and that a deal with Iran would bring back sanctioned barrels, adding to rising OPEC+ supplies. Prices have recovered in recent sessions, supported by easing trade tensions and the outlook for summer demand.  A monthly report from the US Energy Information Administration underscored the oil market’s current uncertainties. While the agency expects supply to eclipse demand by 800,000 barrels a day this year, the most

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New York demand response capacity up 16% this summer: ISO

Demand response is a growing resource in New York, and that system flexibility will be even more important to meet rising demand going forward, the state’s Independent System Operator said in a June 2 report. “The grid is undergoing rapid and instrumental change,” New York ISO President and CEO Rich Dewey said in a statement. “We continue to observe declining reliability margins while forecasting a dramatic increase in load. It’s imperative during this period of transition that we maintain adequate supply to meet growing consumer demand for electricity.” In its most recent Reliability Needs Assessment published last year, the ISO said total generation resource capability in New York for the summer of 2024 was projected to be 40,461 MW, including 37,595 MW of generating capability, 1,281 MW of demand response and 1,585 MW of net long-term purchases and sales with neighboring control areas.  This summer, the ISO said it expects 1,487 MW of demand response to be available, about a 16% increase over last year. In-state generation will be about 37,699 MW and import capabilities have grown to 1,769 MW.  Longer-term reliability needs “may be resolved by new capacity resources coming into service, construction of additional transmission facilities, increased energy efficiency integration of distributed energy resources and/or growth in demand response participation,” NYISO said in its Power Trends 2025 report. Electric vehicles, HVAC systems and other grid-connected distributed energy resources could provide New York with 8.5 GW of cost-effective grid flexibility by 2040, Brattle Group said in a January report prepared for the New York Department of Public Service and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. Grid flexibility could address approximately 25% of New York’s expected peak load “that is not served by renewable generation,” approaching the scale of other, utility-scale flexible resources, Brattle said. Among other key

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Flex LNG Completes Refinancing for Flex Courageous

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) shipping specialist Flex LNG has secured financing for the 2019-built carrier Flex Courageous. The company said in a media release it completed a $175 million JOLCO lease financing, which generated net proceeds of approximately $42 million, extending debt maturity to 2035 and reducing the cost of debt by 1.5 percent per year. The company earlier secured up to 10 years of additional backlog for the vessel. The JOLCO lease financing is the initial step of three anticipated vessel refinancings under the Balance Sheet Optimization Program 3.0, which Flex LNG outlined in its first-quarter 2025 presentation following the acquisition of a combined contract backlog extending up to 37 years for the three vessels. Flex LNG said it remains on track to complete the refinancing of Flex Resolute and Flex Constellation in the second half of 2025. The combined refinancing efforts are expected to generate $120 million in net proceeds, while also extending debt maturities and reducing the overall cost of debt. By the conclusion of the first quarter of 2025, Flex LNG had a cash reserve of $410 million. “We are pleased to have completed our first refinancing of 2025 at very attractive terms. We sincerely appreciate the continued trust and support from our banking partners and lease providers”, Knut Traaholt, CFO of Flex LNG Management AS, said. “With this transaction completed, we now turn our attention to the planned refinancings of Flex Resolute and Flex Constellation, continuing our efforts to further strengthen Flex LNG’s financial platform”. To contact the author, email [email protected] WHAT DO YOU THINK? Generated by readers, the comments included herein do not reflect the views and opinions of Rigzone. All comments are subject to editorial review. Off-topic, inappropriate or insulting comments will be removed. MORE FROM THIS AUTHOR

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Residential solar installer Sunnova files for bankruptcy, plans to sell and wind down operations

Dive Brief: Sunnova, the second-largest installer of third-party owned residential solar installations by market share, filed for chapter 11 bankruptcy on Sunday. Although the company’s customer base and revenues continued to grow, rising interest rates, inflation, tariffs and other factors had eroded the company’s profit margins, rendering it unable to pay its debts, president and CEO Paul Mathews said in the bankruptcy filings. Sunnova plans to sell off “substantially all” of the company’s assets and wind-down any remaining operations following the sale, Mathews said. Dive Insight: Sunnova indicated in a Monday announcement following the filing that it will accept bids on its assets and business operations for the next 45 days; after the sale, the company plans to wind-down any remaining operations and close, Mathews said in court filings. The company has already agreed to sell some assets to a holding company that has received $15 million in financing from global investment firm ATLAS SP Partners, and has also agreed to sell other assets from its new homes business unit to builder Lennar Homes for $16 million, according to the company announcement. “Today’s actions mark a critical step towards securing a value-maximizing outcome for Sunnova’s stakeholders,” Mathews said in a statement Monday. “Throughout this process, maintaining continuity of service for our customers is our top priority as we work to secure a long-term solution for our business operations under new ownership. Matthews said he was “incredibly grateful to our dedicated Sunnova team for their hard work and commitment. We have built an innovative power provider, and I continue to believe deeply in the future of our industry and the promise of residential solar and storage.” According to the chapter 11 bankruptcy filings, the Sunnova faced “critically tight liquidity” and expected to run out of cash this April or May if they

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Prioritize ‘impactful’ power sources for interconnection: DOE’s Wright

Wind and solar power drives up the cost of electricity, partly because the intermittent resources cannot run all the time, U.S. Energy Department Secretary Chris Wright said Tuesday during a budget hearing held by a House Energy and Commerce Committee panel. “If you’re not there at peak demand, you’re just a parasite on the grid, because you just make the other sources turn up and down as you come and go,” Wright told the Subcommittee on Energy. “Our electricity markets have rewarded low value electricity, and we’ve subsidized [it] to put more of it on,” Wright said. “We need to have people bidding into a marketplace that are both delivering the same product, which is 24/7 electricity, because that’s the only thing customers will buy.” About 95% of the U.S. grid interconnection queue is made up of wind, solar and battery storage projects, and “the vast majority of them have no chance of getting built,” Wright said. “We need to look at that process and prioritize projects that are impactful and make it move faster and more efficiently,” Wright said. Wright said he supported the intent of legislation introduced Tuesday by Rep. Julie Fedorchak, R-N.D., that would prohibit the retirement of baseload power plants in areas identified by the North American Electric Reliability Corp. as being at elevated or high risk of electricity shortfalls. About two-thirds of the United States falls into those categories, according to a NERC report released in December. Driven by an executive order, DOE has a team in its Office of Electricity that’s studying grid reserve margins in different areas of the country, according to Wright. The team is looking at planned power plant retirements, and will then have discussions with their owners to understand why an asset is being retired and if there is “a

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Talen to sell Amazon 1.9 GW from Susquehanna nuclear plant

Talen Energy has entered into a 1,920-MW power purchase agreement with Amazon Web Services to supply data centers in Pennsylvania from the independent power producer’s majority-owned Susquehanna nuclear power plant, the company said Wednesday. Under the PPA, Talen’s existing 300-MW co-location arrangement with AWS will shift to a “front of the meter” framework that doesn’t require Federal Energy Regulatory Commission approval, according to Houston-based Talen. The company expects the transition will occur next spring after transmission upgrades are finished. FERC in November rejected an amended interconnection service agreement that would have facilitated expanded power sales to a co-located AWS data center at the Susquehanna plant. The agency is considering potential rules for co-located loads in PJM. Talen expects to earn about $18 billion in revenue over the life of the contract at its full quantity, according to an investor presentation. The contract, which runs through 2042, calls for delivering 840 MW to 1,200 MW in 2029 and 1,680 MW to 1,920 MW in 2032. Talen will act as the retail power supplier to AWS, and PPL Electric Utilities will be responsible for transmission and delivery, the company said.  Talen and Amazon will explore building small modular reactors in Pennsylvania and pursue expanding Susquehanna’s output through uprates, the company said. Amazon on Monday said it plans to spend about $20 billion building data centers in Pennsylvania. The AWS power supply contract “creates a platform to expand across [the] Talen portfolio,” the company said in its presentation. Talen owns about 10.7 GW, almost entirely in PJM, according to the company’s annual report filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on Feb. 28. Last year, Talen’s 90% stake in the 2.5-GW Susquehanna plant produced more than 18 GWh at an all-in cost of less than $24/MWh, Talen said in the report. The power plant

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Micron joins HBM4 race with 36GB 12-high stack, eyes AI and data center dominance

Race to power the next generation of AI By shipping samples of the HMB4 to the key customers, Micron has joined SK hynix in the HBM4 race. In March this year, SK hynix shipped the 12-Layer HBM4 samples to customers. SK hynix’s HBM4 has implemented bandwidth capable of processing more than 2TB of data per second, processing data equivalent to more than 400 full-HD movies (5GB each) in a second, said the company. “HBM competitive landscape, SK hynix has already sampled and secured approval of HBM4 12-high stack memory early Q1’2025 to NVIDIA for its next generation Rubin product line and plans to mass produce HBM4 in 2H 2025,” said Danish Faruqui, CEO, Fab Economics. “Closely following, Micron is pending Nvidia’s tests for its latest HBM4 samples, and Micron plans to mass produce HBM4 in 1H 2026. On the other hand, the last contender, Samsung is struggling with Yield Ramp on HBM4 Technology Development stage, and so has to delay the customer samples milestones to Nvidia and other players while it earlier shared an end of 2025 milestone for mass producing HBM4.” Faruqui noted another key differentiator among SK hynix, Micron, and Samsung: the base die that anchors the 12-high DRAM stack. For the first time, both SK hynix and Samsung have introduced a logic-enabled base die on 3nm and 4nm process technology to enable HBM4 product for efficient and faster product performance via base logic-driven memory management. Both Samsung and SK hynix rely on TSMC for the production of their logic-enabled base die. However, it remains unclear whether Micron is using a logic base die, as the company lacks in-house capability to fabricate at 3nm.

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Cisco reinvigorates data center, campus, branch networking with AI demands in mind

“We have a number of … enterprise data center customers that have been using bi-directional optics for many generations, and this is the next generation of that feature,” said Bill Gartner, senior vice president and general manager of Cisco’s optical systems and optics business. “The 400G lets customer use their existing fiber infrastructure and reduces fiber count for them so they can use one fiber instead of two, for example,” Gartner said. “What’s really changed in the last year or so is that with AI buildouts, there’s much, much more optics that are part of 400G and 800G, too. For AI infrastructure, the 400G and 800G optics are really the dominant optics going forward,” Gartner said. New AI Pods Taking aim at next-generation interconnected compute infrastructures, Cisco expanded its AI Pod offering with the Nvidia RTX 6000 Pro and Cisco UCS C845A M8 server package. Cisco AI Pods are preconfigured, validated, and optimized infrastructure packages that customers can plug into their data center or edge environments as needed. The Pods include Nvidia AI Enterprise, which features pretrained models and development tools for production-ready AI, and are managed through Cisco Intersight. The Pods are based on Cisco Validated Design principals, which offer customers pre-tested and validated network designs that provide a blueprint for building reliable, scalable, and secure network infrastructures, according to Cisco. Building out the kind of full-scale AI infrastructure compute systems that hyperscalers and enterprises will utilize is a huge opportunity for Cisco, said Daniel Newman, CEO of The Futurum Group. “These are full-scale, full-stack systems that could land in a variety of enterprise and enterprise service application scenarios, which will be a big story for Cisco,” Newman said. Campus networking For the campus, Cisco has added two new programable SiliconOne-based Smart Switches: the C9350 Fixed Access Smart Switches and C9610

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Qualcomm’s $2.4B Alphawave deal signals bold data center ambitions

Qualcomm says its Oryon CPU and Hexagon NPU processors are “well positioned” to meet growing demand for high-performance, low-power compute as AI inferencing accelerates and more enterprises move to custom CPUs housed in data centers. “Qualcomm’s advanced custom processors are a natural fit for data center workloads,” Qualcomm president and CEO Cristiano Amon said in the press release. Alphawave’s connectivity and compute technologies can work well with the company’s CPU and NPU cores, he noted. The deal is expected to close in the first quarter of 2026. Complementing the ‘great CPU architecture’ Qualcomm has been amassing Client CPUs have been a “big play” for Qualcomm, Moor’s Kimball noted; the company acquired chip design company Nuvia in 2021 for $1.4 billion and has also announced that it will be designing data center CPUs with Saudi AI company Humain. “But there was a lot of data center IP that was equally valuable,” he said. This acquisition of Alphawave will help Qualcomm complement the “great CPU architecture” it acquired from Nuvia with the latest in connectivity tools that link a compute complex with other devices, as well as with chip-to-chip communications, and all of the “very low level architectural goodness” that allows compute cores to deliver “absolute best performance.” “When trying to move data from, say, high bandwidth memory to the CPU, Alphawave provides the IP that helps chip companies like Qualcomm,” Kimball explained. “So you can see why this is such a good complement.”

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LiquidStack launches cooling system for high density, high-powered data centers

The CDU is serviceable from the front of the unit, with no rear or end access required, allowing the system to be placed against the wall. The skid-mounted system can come with rail and overhead piping pre-installed or shipped as separate cabinets for on-site assembly. The single-phase system has high-efficiency dual pumps designed to protect critical components from leaks and a centralized design with separate pump and control modules reduce both the number of components and complexity. “AI will keep pushing thermal output to new extremes, and data centers need cooling systems that can be easily deployed, managed, and scaled to match heat rejection demands as they rise,” said Joe Capes, CEO of LiquidStack in a statement. “With up to 10MW of cooling capacity at N, N+1, or N+2, the GigaModular is a platform like no other—we designed it to be the only CDU our customers will ever need. It future-proofs design selections for direct-to-chip liquid cooling without traditional limits or boundaries.”

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Enterprises face data center power design challenges

” Now, with AI, GPUs need data to do a lot of compute and send that back to another GPU. That connection needs to be close together, and that is what’s pushing the density, the chips are more powerful and so on, but the necessity of everything being close together is what’s driving this big revolution,” he said. That revolution in new architecture is new data center designs. Cordovil said that instead of putting the power shelves within the rack, system administrators are putting a sidecar next to those racks and loading the sidecar with the power system, which serves two to four racks. This allows for more compute per rack and lower latency since the data doesn’t have to travel as far. The problem is that 1 mW racks are uncharted territory and no one knows how to manage the power, which is considerable now. ”There’s no user manual that says, hey, just follow this and everything’s going to be all right. You really need to push the boundaries of understanding how to work. You need to start designing something somehow, so that is a challenge to data center designers,” he said. And this brings up another issue: many corporate data centers have power plugs that are like the ones that you have at home, more or less, so they didn’t need to have an advanced electrician certification. “We’re not playing with that power anymore. You need to be very aware of how to connect something. Some of the technicians are going to need to be certified electricians, which is a skills gap in the market that we see in most markets out there,” said Cordovil. A CompTIA A+ certification will teach you the basics of power, but not the advanced skills needed for these increasingly dense racks. Cordovil

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HPE Nonstop servers target data center, high-throughput applications

HPE has bumped up the size and speed of its fault-tolerant Nonstop Compute servers. There are two new servers – the 8TB, Intel Xeon-based Nonstop Compute NS9 X5 and Nonstop Compute NS5 X5 – aimed at enterprise customers looking to upgrade their transaction processing network infrastructure or support larger application workloads. Like other HPE Nonstop systems, the two new boxes include compute, software, storage, networking and database resources as well as full-system clustering and HPE’s specialized Nonstop operating system. The flagship NS9 X5 features support for dual-fabric HDR200 InfiniBand interconnect, which effectively doubles the interconnect bandwidth between it and other servers compared to the current NS8 X4, according to an HPE blog detailing the new servers. It supports up to 270 networking ports per NS9 X system, can be clustered with up to 16 other NS9 X5s, and can support 25 GbE network connectivity for modern data center integration and high-throughput applications, according to HPE.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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