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BP CEO Sees Pay Cut 30 Pct After Profit Miss, Elliott Intervention

BP Plc Chief Executive Officer Murray Auchincloss’ total compensation dropped to £5.36 million ($6.91 million) in 2024, about 30% less than the previous year, after the energy giant’s profits disappointed. The London-based company’s 2024 earnings results reported in February showed a steep drop in profits compared with the previous year. That set the stage for a subsequent […]

BP Plc Chief Executive Officer Murray Auchincloss’ total compensation dropped to £5.36 million ($6.91 million) in 2024, about 30% less than the previous year, after the energy giant’s profits disappointed.

The London-based company’s 2024 earnings results reported in February showed a steep drop in profits compared with the previous year. That set the stage for a subsequent strategic switch back to oil and gas after years of shifting away from fossil fuels, as it strives to catch up with rivals such as Shell Plc which were quicker to pivot back to core businesses.

While Auchincloss saw his base salary rise to £1.45 million from £1.02 million, his share awards dropped to £2.75 million from £4.36 million, according to the annual report published on Thursday. His annual bonus was sharply reduced in his first full year as boss.

Auchincloss is in the middle of a roadshow meeting with investors in London in the hope of enlisting support for the company’s new direction. Activist investor Elliott Investment Management, which had bought about 5% of the oil major, is ramping up pressure on the company’s management after the new strategy fell short of its expectations. BP’s shares have declined about 6% since the strategy announcement on Feb. 26. 

BP chair Helge Lund is looking for new board members who can bring skills and experience that align with the company’s revised oil and gas-focused strategy, he said in the annual report. The board is particularly keen to recruit an oil and gas expert, according to a person familiar with the matter who asked not to be identified because the information is private.

Grafton Group Chair Ian Tyler was appointed to BP’s board to lead the remuneration committee, the company said Thursday. Tyler is also a director at Anglo American Plc.

BP’s previous strategy, unveiled in 2020, focused on shifting away from oil and gas and toward renewable energy. Elliott could push for major changes to the company’s management. Auchincloss and Lund, a key backer of the company’s earlier net zero strategy, could come under pressure, with all directors up for re-election to the board at the company’s general meeting on April 17. 



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SolarWinds buys Squadcast to speed incident response

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BP CEO Sees Pay Cut 30 Pct After Profit Miss, Elliott Intervention

BP Plc Chief Executive Officer Murray Auchincloss’ total compensation dropped to £5.36 million ($6.91 million) in 2024, about 30% less than the previous year, after the energy giant’s profits disappointed. The London-based company’s 2024 earnings results reported in February showed a steep drop in profits compared with the previous year. That set the stage for a subsequent strategic switch back to oil and gas after years of shifting away from fossil fuels, as it strives to catch up with rivals such as Shell Plc which were quicker to pivot back to core businesses. While Auchincloss saw his base salary rise to £1.45 million from £1.02 million, his share awards dropped to £2.75 million from £4.36 million, according to the annual report published on Thursday. His annual bonus was sharply reduced in his first full year as boss. Auchincloss is in the middle of a roadshow meeting with investors in London in the hope of enlisting support for the company’s new direction. Activist investor Elliott Investment Management, which had bought about 5% of the oil major, is ramping up pressure on the company’s management after the new strategy fell short of its expectations. BP’s shares have declined about 6% since the strategy announcement on Feb. 26.  BP chair Helge Lund is looking for new board members who can bring skills and experience that align with the company’s revised oil and gas-focused strategy, he said in the annual report. The board is particularly keen to recruit an oil and gas expert, according to a person familiar with the matter who asked not to be identified because the information is private. Grafton Group Chair Ian Tyler was appointed to BP’s board to lead the remuneration committee, the company said Thursday. Tyler is also a director at Anglo American Plc. BP’s previous strategy, unveiled in 2020, focused on shifting away from oil

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Nexos bosses on ‘less people applying’ for apprenticeships

Nexos bosses discussed how they have seen “less people applying” for apprenticeships in recent years at a Scottish Apprenticeships Week event. The Aberdeen-based engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) firm, formerly known as Global E&C, welcomed local skills and training organisations as well as a local MSP to its harbour-side facility in the Granite City to mark the weeklong celebration of trainees. Graeme Gray, fabrication director for Nexos, said: “Going back 10 years, if you advertised an apprentice position you would be in the hundreds of applicants, I think when these recent guys came on the programme there were no more than 50 to 60 applicants.” He added that his current batch of apprentices “are great” and that “there’s no talking away from the quality” of their work; however, “there are just less people applying”. This supports recent reports from the Engineering Construction Industry Training Board (ECITB), which found that 71% of employers in the engineering construction industry have recruitment challenges of late. On the oil and gas sector specifically, the trade body said that it is “unlikely” that oil and gas will be able to replace its aging workforce with younger employees, according to current trends. Nexos employs between 10 and 12 apprentices each year and the firm’s managing director for offshore, Derek Mitchell, described them as “the people who will be driving our future”. ‘Immense’ job market pressures However, oil and gas is not the only sector experiencing these challenges, as MSP for Aberdeen Central Kevin Stewart MSP pointed out while visiting the Nexos facility. Stewart commented: “The pressure in the job market is so immense.” He said that the industry’s engagement with young people is left “too late” and that employers need to be speaking to younger children about opportunities out with university. “I think we should be

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Power Moves: Elemental Energies head of decommissioning and more

Ross Provan has been appointed as head of decommissioning solutions at Aberdeenshire firm Elemental Energies. Provan brings 18 years of projects and operational experience working with major global operators and contractors, with expertise spanning drilling, facilities engineering, subsea, project assurance, construction and decommissioning. In his new role, he will lead Elemental Energies’ focus on EPRD (engineering, preparation, removal and disposal) and the integration of services, including the existing wells decommissioning capabilities, across all areas of the decommissioning work breakdown structure (WBS). Elemental Energies has specialist teams across subsurface, wells and facilities with a track record managing large-scale platform plugging and abandonment(P&A), major subsea well decommissioning and integrated wells and facilities projects. The firm’s CEO, Mike Adams, commented: “With global offshore decommissioning spend projected to double over the next two decades, the need for integrated, cost-effective and innovative solutions is crucial. “We believe this approach to decommissioning presents significant opportunities for efficiencies, particularly when technical teams collaborate early in the process. “We have seen these benefits firsthand through our successful delivery of integrated wells and facilities scopes. “With Ross leading this key area, we are confident that his experience and expertise will help us to continue to drive innovation and efficiency in the decommissioning sector.” Last year saw Elemental Energies snap up Norwegian firm Well Expertise, giving it a turnover boost worth more than £50 million. © Supplied by BlueFloat EnergyBlueFloat Energy CEO Carlos Martin Rivals. Carlos Martin Rivals has stepped down as CEO of BlueFloat Energy. Writing on LinkedIn, he said: “After careful thinking, I’ve concluded that it is the right moment to turn the page on my role in the company I founded with the support from 547 Energy and Quantum Capital Group in 2020 and move forward to explore other opportunities. “It has been an amazing journey since

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GB Energy could see budget slashed in defence-spending pivot

Ministers are considering cutting the budget of Labour’s flagship state-owned energy company GB Energy. GB Energy was originally promised a budget of £8.3 billion over the current five-year duration of parliament. However, October’s budget only included £100 million for the company’s first two years. A Financial Times report warned that the upcoming June spending review will likely see cuts to the budget. The move comes amid mounting pressure on the UK government as it looks to push defence spending against the backdrop of the Russian invasion of Ukraine and a weakening US commitment to NATO. This means that every part of the budget could be subject to a “zero-based review”, with sources warning that every previous spending commitment could be under review. According to people familiar with the discussions, the Treasury could cut £3.3bn from its budget, including the portion previously earmarked for low-interest loans to cover projects such as rooftop solar and shared-ownership wind projects. A government spokesperson said: “We are fully committed to GB Energy, which is at the heart of our mission to make Britain a clean energy superpower and to ensure homes are cheaper and cleaner to run.” However, neither the Treasury nor the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) have confirmed that GB Energy is still guaranteed the full £8.3bn of funding. While the exact remit of the company is still unknown, GB Energy was created to help accelerate the UK’s energy transition, most likely by taking stakes in projects such as offshore wind farms. However, the group’s chairman, Jurgen Maier, has previously said his long-term plan for the company is to create a UK Orsted. Maier’s claims that GB Energy could create 1,000 jobs have also been revised, with Maier clarifying that that figure would be over 20 years, with the next

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Analyst Says Bearish Fundamentals Beginning to Reassert Influence Over Gas

In an EBW Analytics Group report sent to Rigzone on Friday by the EBW Analytics Group team, Eli Rubin, an energy analyst at the company, said bearish fundamentals are beginning to reassert influence over natural gas. “Yesterday’s bearish EIA [U.S. Energy Information Administration] storage report surprise is the latest in a cascade of bearish fundamental indicators over the past two weeks,” Rubin said in the report. “Mild March weather (with other widely followed meteorologists aligning with DTN’s warm forecast), weekly average natural gas production near year to date highs, LNG seasonally softening, and narrowing storage deficits suggest the potential for near to medium term price weakness,” Rubin added. Rubin highlighted in the report that the NYMEX front-month contract was up 46.8¢ since Friday “despite the bearish fundamental indicators”. “A loose supply/demand balance may be directed toward refilling storage deficits; storage east of the Rockies is 299 Bcf below five-year norms. Bullish price action in the face of soft near-term indicators remains impressive,” Rubin added. Rubin went on to note in the report that EBW Analytics Group “continue[s] to highlight a structurally bullish long-term outlook and a fundamentally loose spring”. “While upside price threats remain, receding momentum and soft fundamentals are increasing the likelihood of a near-term natural gas price retreat,” Rubin said. The EIA’s latest weekly natural gas storage report, which was released on March 6 and included data for the week ending February 28, stated that “working gas in storage was 1,760 billion cubic feet as of Friday, February 28, 2025, according to EIA estimates”. “This represents a net decrease of 80 billion cubic feet from the previous week. Stocks were 585 billion cubic feet less than last year at this time and 224 billion cubic feet below the five-year average of 1,984 billion cubic feet,” it added. “At

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Enbridge to Invest $1.39 Billion until 2028 in Mainline Pipeline

Enbridge Inc. has earmarked an investment of up to CAD 2 billion ($1.39 billion) until 2028 for a Canada-United States liquids pipeline with a capacity of about 3 million barrels a day of crude oil. That will be spent on “further enhancing and sustaining reliability and efficiency aimed at ensuring the Mainline system continues to operate safely and at full capacity to support maximum throughput for years to come”, the Calgary, Canada-based energy transporter and gas utility said in an online statement. Mainline, which started service seven decades ago and has grown to be Canada’s biggest crude conveyor, carries production from the Canadian province of Alberta to eastern Canada and the U.S. Midwest. Besides petroleum, it also transports refined products and natural gas liquids. Mainline stretches nearly 8,600 miles, according to Enbridge. The optimization will “support the growing need for ratable egress out of Alberta”, said chief executive Greg Ebel. Enbridge also announced additional investments in two pipelines: CAD 400 million for the BC Pipeline and CAD 100 million for the T15 project. The investment for the BC Pipeline is for the Birch Grove project under the pipeline’s T-North section. Expected to raise the BC Pipeline’s capacity by 179 million cubic feet per day to about 3.7 billion cubic feet a day by 2028, the Birch Grove project will provide additional egress for gas producers in northeastern British Columbia to access markets for their growing production, driven by the Montney formation. The investment for T15 phase 2 is meant for the installment of additional compression to double the original pipeline’s capacity. Expected to go onstream 2027, the expanded pipeline will deliver around 510 million cubic feet a day of natural gas to Duke Energy Corp.’s Roxboro plant in North Carolina as it transitions from coal to gas-fired generation. The investments come despite President Donald Trump imposing tariffs

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Lenovo introduces entry-level, liquid cooled AI edge server

Lenovo has announced the ThinkEdge SE100, an entry-level AI inferencing server, designed to make edge AI affordable for enterprises as well as small and medium-sized businesses. AI systems are not normally associated with being small and compact; they’re big, decked out servers with lots of memory, GPUs, and CPUs. But the server is for inferencing, which is the less compute intensive portion of AI processing, Lenovo stated.  GPUs are considered overkill for inferencing and there are multiple startups making small PC cards with inferencing chip on them instead of the more power-hungry CPU and GPU. This design brings AI to the data rather than the other way around. Instead of sending the data to the cloud or data center to be processed, edge computing uses devices located at the data source, reducing latency and the amount of data being sent up to the cloud for processing, Lenovo stated. 

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Seven important trends in the server sphere

The pace of change around server technology is advancing considerably, driven by hyperscalers but spilling over into the on-premises world as well. There are numerous overall trends, experts say, including: AI Everything: AI mania is everywhere and without high power hardware to run it, it’s just vapor. But it’s more than just a buzzword, it is a very real and measurable trend. AI servers are notable because they are decked out with high end CPUs, GPU accelerators, and oftentimes a SmartNIC network controller.  All the major players — Nvidia, Supermicro, Google, Asus, Dell, Intel, HPE — as well as smaller vendors are offering purpose-built AI hardware, according to a recent Network World article. AI edge server growth: There is also a trend towards deploying AI edge servers. The Global Edge AI Servers Market size is expected to be worth around $26.6 Billion by 2034, from $2.7 Billion in 2024, according to a Market.US report. Considerable amounts of data are collected on the edge.  Edge servers do the job of culling the useless data and sending only the necessary data back to data centers for processing. The market is rapidly expanding as industries such as manufacturing, automotive, healthcare, and retail increasingly deploy IoT devices and require immediate data processing for decision-making and operational efficiency, according to the report. Liquid cooling gains ground: Liquid cooling is inching its way in from the fringes into the mainstream of data center infrastructure. What was once a difficult add-on is now becoming a standard feature, says Jeffrey Hewitt, vice president and analyst with Gartner. “Server providers are working on developing the internal chassis plumbing for direct-to-chip cooling with the goal of supporting the next generation of AI CPUs and GPUs that will produce high amounts of heat within their servers,” he said.  New data center structures: Not

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Data center vacancies hit historic lows despite record construction

The growth comes despite considerable headwinds facing data center operators, including higher construction costs, equipment pricing, and persistent shortages in critical materials like generators, chillers and transformers, CRBE stated. There is a considerable pricing disparity between newly built data centers and legacy facilities, reflecting the premium placed on modern, energy-efficient infrastructure. Specifically, liquid/immersion cooling is preferred over air cooling for modern server requirements, CRBE found. On the networking side of things, major telecom companies made substantial investments in fiber in the second half of 2024, reflecting the growing need for more network infrastructure and capacity to accommodate growing demand from AI and data providers. There have also been many notable deals recently: AT&T’s multi-year, $1 billion agreement with Corning to provide next-generation fiber, cable and connectivity solutions; Comcast’s proposed acquisition of Nitel; Verizon’s agreement to acquire Frontier, the largest pure-play fiber internet provider in the U.S.; and T-Mobile’s entry into the fiber internet market via partnerships with fiber-optic providers. In the quarter, Meta announced plans for a 25,000-mile undersea fiber cable that would connect the U.S. East and West coasts with global markets across the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific oceans. The project would mark the first privately owned and operated global fiber cable network. Data Center Outlook

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AI driving a 165% rise in data center power demand by 2030

Goldman Sachs Research estimates the power usage by the global data center market to be around 55 gigawatts, which breaks down as 54% for cloud computing workloads, 32% for traditional line of business workloads and 14% for AI. By 2027, that number jumps to 84 GW, with AI growing to 27% of the overall market, cloud dropping to 50%, and traditional workloads falling to 23%, Schneider stated. Goldman Sachs Research estimates that there will be around 122 GW of data center capacity online by the end of 2030, and the density of power use in data centers is likely to grow as well, from 162 kilowatts per square foot to 176 KW per square foot in 2027, thanks to AI, Schneider stated.  “Data center supply — specifically the rate at which incremental supply is built — has been constrained over the past 18 months,” Schneider wrote. These constraints have arisen from the inability of utilities to expand transmission capacity because of permitting delays, supply chain bottlenecks, and infrastructure that is both costly and time-intensive to upgrade. The result is that due to power demand from data centers, there will need to be additional utility investment, to the tune of about $720 billion of grid spending through 2030. And then they are subject to the pace of public utilities, which move much slower than hyperscalers. “These transmission projects can take several years to permit, and then several more to build, creating another potential bottleneck for data center growth if the regions are not proactive about this given the lead time,” Schneider wrote.

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Top data storage certifications to sharpen your skills

Organization: Hitachi Vantara Skills acquired: Knowledge of data center infrastructure management tasks automation using Hitachi Ops Center Automator. Price: $100 Exam duration: 60 minutes How to prepare: Knowledge of all storage-related operations from an end-user perspective, including planning, allocating, and managing storage and architecting storage layouts. Read more about Hitachi Vantara’s training and certification options here. Certifications that bundle cloud, networking and storage skills AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Professional The AWS Certified Solutions Architect – Professional certification from leading cloud provider Amazon Web Services (AWS) helps individuals showcase advanced knowledge and skills in optimizing security, cost, and performance, and automating manual processes. The certification is a means for organizations to identify and develop talent with these skills for implementing cloud initiatives, according to AWS. The ideal candidate has the ability to evaluate cloud application requirements, make architectural recommendations for deployment of applications on AWS, and provide expert guidance on architectural design across multiple applications and projects within a complex organization, AWS says. Certified individuals report increased credibility with technical colleagues and customers as a result of earning this certification, it says. Organization: Amazon Web Services Skills acquired: Helps individuals showcase skills in optimizing security, cost, and performance, and automating manual processes Price: $300 Exam duration: 180 minutes How to prepare: The recommended experience prior to taking the exam is two or more years of experience in using AWS services to design and implement cloud solutions Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert (CCIE) Data Center The Cisco CCIE Data Center certification enables individuals to demonstrate advanced skills to plan, design, deploy, operate, and optimize complex data center networks. They will gain comprehensive expertise in orchestrating data center infrastructure, focusing on seamless integration of networking, compute, and storage components. Other skills gained include building scalable, low-latency, high-performance networks that are optimized to support artificial intelligence (AI)

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Netskope expands SASE footprint, bolsters AI and automation

Netskope is expanding its global presence by adding multiple regions to its NewEdge carrier-grade infrastructure, which now includes more than 75 locations to ensure processing remains close to end users. The secure access service edge (SASE) provider also enhanced its digital experience monitoring (DEM) capabilities with AI-powered root-cause analysis and automated network diagnostics. “We are announcing continued expansion of our infrastructure and our continued focus on resilience. I’m a believer that nothing gets adopted if end users don’t have a great experience,” says Netskope CEO Sanjay Beri. “We monitor traffic, we have multiple carriers in every one of our more than 75 regions, and when traffic goes from us to that destination, the path is direct.” Netskope added regions including data centers in Calgary, Helsinki, Lisbon, and Prague as well as expanded existing NewEdge regions including data centers in Bogota, Jeddah, Osaka, and New York City. Each data center offers customers a range of SASE capabilities including cloud firewalls, secure web gateway (SWG), inline cloud access security broker (CASB), zero trust network access (ZTNA), SD-WAN, secure service edge (SSE), and threat protection. The additional locations enable Netskope to provide coverage for more than 220 countries and territories with 200 NewEdge Localization Zones, which deliver a local direct-to-net digital experience for users, the company says.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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