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Massachusetts cuts $500M from state’s energy efficiency program

Massachusetts utility regulators on Friday approved a three-year budget for the state’s energy efficiency program Mass Save, cutting $500 million from the original $5 billion proposal. “Even with this budget reduction, the state’s energy efficiency program will continue to provide customers with billions in savings and benefits each year by supporting improvements to homes and […]

Massachusetts utility regulators on Friday approved a three-year budget for the state’s energy efficiency program Mass Save, cutting $500 million from the original $5 billion proposal.

“Even with this budget reduction, the state’s energy efficiency program will continue to provide customers with billions in savings and benefits each year by supporting improvements to homes and businesses like energy efficient heating systems and appliances as well as low-cost weatherization,” the Department of Public Utilities said in a statement.

Mass Save has helped customers save 18 million MWh of annual electricity consumption in the last 15 years, DPU said. The budget reduction will lower total residential program budgets by 25% for gas and 15% for electric, regulators said.

Even with the reduction, the program’s 2025-2027 budget remains higher than its $3.95 billion 2022-2024 budget, according to Western Mass News.

“The decrease will vary by utility provider, as the utilities must work together to reduce the total budget of Mass Save,” DPU said. Each utility budgets for their own programs that are then collectively proposed in the total budget, the agency explained.

Mass Save members include Eversource Energy, Berkshire Gas, Cape Light Compact, Liberty Utilities, National Grid and Unitil.

Eversource issued a statement commending the DPU “for listening to customer concerns about affordability and taking the difficult action.”

“This is the most immediate step the state can take to provide long-term rate relief to customers and ensure that the pace of the energy transition in Massachusetts is affordable and attainable,” Eversource said. “To be clear, we are steadfastly committed to the Mass Save programs, which are essential to meeting the commonwealth’s decarbonization goals.”

Massachusetts is targeting net zero emissions by 2050. Efficiency advocates say the DPU’s decision will result in $1.5 billion loss in benefits and savings.

“Paring back energy efficiency programs designed to reduce energy consumption at a time when Massachusetts residents are facing skyrocketing utility bills is like cutting your nose to spite your face,” the Conservation Law Foundation, as part of the Beyond Gas coalition, said in a statement.

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18 essential commands for new Linux users

[jdoe@fedora ~]$ ls -ld /home/jdoedrwx——. 1 jdoe jdoe 106 Apr 3 14:39 /home/jdoe As you may have suspected, “r” stands for read, “w” means write and “x” is for execute. Note that no permissions are available for other group members and anyone else on the system. Each user will be

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What are GPUs? Inside the processing power behind AI

AI and generative AI Today’s increasingly sophisticated AI technologies — notably large language models (LLMs) and generative AI — require lots of speed, lots of data and lots of compute. Because they can perform simultaneous calculations and handle vast amounts of data, GPUs have become the powerhouse behind AI (e.g.,

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Turkey Plans Oil and Gas Exploration in Bulgaria, Libya, and Iraq

Turkey is in talks to look for oil and gas in Bulgaria, and is also planning exploration work in Iraq and Libya, Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar said. State-run Turkiye Petrolleri AO will “likely” sign an agreement with an unspecified foreign company in the next month to search for energy in Bulgaria’s part of the Black Sea, Bayraktar told reporters in Turkey’s Giresun province. For Bulgaria, it will add to deals after the country late last year picked a unit of Shell Plc to explore for oil and gas in the Black Sea.  TPAO is also interested in Libya, which launched its first exploration tender in over 17 years in March, as well as fields in Iraq, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, he added.  Turkey, which is almost entirely reliant on imported oil and gas, has sought to increase production both at home and abroad in recent years. The country wants to leverage its geographical position to become a gas hub and cater to demand in the European Union and the Middle East. Talks are underway with Bulgaria to explore options to increase gas transit capacity at their joint border to boost flows into Europe. TPAO started gas production from a field in its own section of the Black Sea in 2023, and is currently conducting surveys off the coast of Somalia. Exploration deals have no guarantee that they will result in the discovery of commercial quantities of oil or gas, but Turkey has pressed on with plans to expand with agreements in Pakistan and Hungary over the past year.  The Turkish city of Istanbul was also the venue of Libya’s National Oil Corp. presenting its tender to potential investors in a roadshow last Thursday, following similar events in London and Houston. WHAT DO YOU THINK? Generated by readers, the comments included herein do not reflect the views and

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Climate advocates brace for Trump executive order targeting nonprofits’ tax exempt status

Environmental advocates held a press conference Monday to examine the potential impact of a rumored executive order from President Trump, which is thought to target the tax-exempt status of climate nonprofits. The executive order is expected to be released today – Earth Day. The Chesapeake Climate Action Network hosted the press conference, where speakers included Rep. Jamie Raskin, D-Md., and former Washington Governor Jay Inslee, D. Both said they are anticipating an executive order from Trump that seeks to revoke the tax-exempt 501(c)(3) status of environmental groups. “The Trump administration has been systematically attacking every sector of American civil society — the federal workforce, the unions, the universities, the colleges, the philanthropies, you name it,” Raskin said. “And so it’s inevitable that they will be coming — I assume that they will be coming — after the environmental organizations.” Raskin noted that in December, after Trump was reelected but before he took office, Rep. Claudia Tenney, R-N.Y., introduced legislation to give the executive branch power to terminate the tax-exempt status of an organization deemed a “terrorist supporting organization.” This would include “any organization which is designated by the Secretary [of the Treasury] as having provided, during the 3-year period ending on the date of such designation, material support or resources” to a terrorist organization, according to the legislation. “We fought that very hard for several hours on the floor of the House of Representatives,” Raskin said. “That is obviously a power that only authoritarians and autocrats would want — the power to unilaterally designate a group as a terrorist group, without any due process, without any fair hearing.” The bill passed the House, but it has not yet advanced in the Senate. Raskin said he feels “it’s a good thing” that organizations are anticipating future policy decisions from the Trump administration

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WTI Rebounds 2% on Supply, Geopolitical Shifts

Oil rose as the potential for the US to curtail Iranian flows added to a rebound driven by broader markets. West Texas Intermediate advanced about 2% to settle near $64 a barrel, recouping most of the previous day’s losses, which were driven by President Donald Trump’s public rebuke of the Federal Reserve. Also supporting prices, Trump said he and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu spoke on Tuesday and are aligned on trade and their approach to Iran. That came after the US announced sanctions against Iranian national and liquefied petroleum gas magnate Seyed Asadoollah Emamjomeh and his corporate network. Crude has slumped this month on concern that mounting tensions between the US and its top trading partners will hurt economic growth and curtail oil consumption, adding to pre-existing expectations of a surplus. Crude eased off of intraday highs later in the session after the Financial Times reported that Russian President Vladimir Putin has offered to halt his country’s invasion of Ukraine across the current front line. At the same time, White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt reiterated Trump’s criticism of the Fed and said the president will travel to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates in May. Despite the widespread expectations for an oversupply of crude, market gauges have been pointing to a stronger near-term market. The closest WTI futures contract is trading at its biggest premium to the next month since February, signaling tighter supply and demand balances. “Near-term, I would expect that the biggest wave of selling is behind us,” Martijn Rats, global oil strategist at Morgan Stanley, said in a Bloomberg Television interview. “As we go through the summer, seasonal demand does support things a little bit, but then in the second half we will probably have another period of downward pressure.” Elsewhere, Vice President

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Atlanta to launch Climate Resilience Action Plan

Atlanta plans to launch its first comprehensive plan to address climate resilience and the disproportionate impacts of climate change April 30. The Climate Resilience Action Plan sets goals that include reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 59% by 2030, adding 250 electric vehicle charging stations by 2025 and reducing the energy burden on 10% of the city’s most energy-burdened households. The Mayor’s Office of Sustainability and Resilience spent 18 months studying and gathering community input into how Atlanta’s three primary climate challenges — extreme heat, drought and flooding — affect the city’s different populations. The plan spells out how the city can respond at municipal and neighborhood levels “in ways that make our communities more climate-resilient and more equitable,” said Chandra Farley, Atlanta’s chief sustainability officer. Atlanta consistently ranks in the nation’s top five cities for energy burden, as indicated by the percentage of household income spent on energy bills, Farley said. Traditionally,  households spending 6% or more of their monthly household income on energy are considered energy burdened; Atlanta has many households that spend from 6% to 19% of their monthly income on utilities, Farley said. The Georgia city’s focus on creating energy equity has put the plan’s federal funding in the crosshairs of the Trump administration’s efforts to eliminate diversity, equity and inclusion efforts. Farley said her team received a cease-and-desist letter regarding a grant it was working on with the Southeastern Energy Efficiency Alliance to address equity and building codes, for example. That grant is on hold as agreements are updated to remove DEI language. The city’s efforts to address inequity in energy burdens will continue, Farley said. “We understand that climate resilience must also be focused on the disproportionate impact that some of our distressed neighborhoods feel more acutely than other neighborhoods,” Farley said. “It is a

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Haven Energy offers no-cost solar, batteries to income-qualified California customers

Dive Brief: Haven Energy is offering a “first of its kind” program to bring solar and battery storage systems to low- and moderate-income California utility customers at no cost to them, the company said Monday. The initiative, which sees Haven owning and operating the systems, is made possible by the state’s $280 million Self-Generation Incentive Program’s Residential Solar & Storage Equity framework, SGIP RSSE, Haven said. Haven is also partnering with The Energy Coalition, a Los Angeles nonprofit group, to install home battery systems for low- and moderate-income customers in Southern California through the Bassett Avocado Heights Advanced Energy Community program, it said. Dive Insight: As the Trump administration targets utility-scale clean energy development, experts say smaller-scale distributed energy resources could pick up some of the slack. In a January update to its Pathways to Commercial Liftoff: Virtual Power Plants report, the U.S. Department of Energy said the country’s current VPP capacity of approximately 30 GW could scale to at least 80 GW by 2030 following a concerted effort by utilities, grid operators, resource aggregators and other stakeholders to encourage broader DER adoption, simplify program design and enrollment, and integrate VPPs into utility planning and wholesale markets. The announcements this week show Haven is doing its part to support the first two goals while delivering more capacity into a California wholesale market that offers multiple forms of support for DERs and VPPs. With the SGIP RSSE framework capable of supporting solar and storage installations for an estimated 8,000 to 10,000 qualifying California households, Haven anticipates deploying 10 MW of distributed capacity in what would become one of the state’s largest VPPs, the company said. Haven automatically enrolls its customers in an eligible demand response program for 10 years, it said. Haven has already installed more than 1,000 batteries under the

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Charging Forward: Eku Energy acquires Bluestone’s UK battery storage portfolio, and more

In this week’s Charging Forward, Eku Energy acquires a portfolio of seven UK battery energy storage system (BESS) projects from Bluestone Energy, while Gresham House leads industry criticism of Ofgem and NESO. This week’s headlines: UK BESS operators criticise long-duration energy storage scheme ‘bias’ Eku Energy acquires Bluestone Energy’s UK BESS portfolio Zenobe wades into UK zonal pricing debate Balance Power’s Hinksford BESS approved SAE secures £8.5m 240 MWh Welsh BESS E.ON and Superdielectrics collaborate on polymer-based energy storage International news: Gelion achieves sulphur battery breakthrough UK BESS operators criticise long-duration energy storage scheme ‘bias’ A group of UK BESS operators have written an open letter criticising UK authorities over its long-duration energy storage (LDES) revenue support plans. The firms, led by Gresham House, say there are significant flaws in the upcoming LDES cap and floor scheme which, they believe, will create “arbitrary barriers to entry” lithium-ion BESS projects. Other UK firms to sign the open letter include Zenobe, Field Energy, Eku Enegy, Harmony Energy, Adaptogen Capital and Voltwise Power. Together, the group represents 36% of the UK’s current operational BESS capacity. The group claims changes to the LDES scheme could save UK consumers as much as £2.22 billion compared to “unproven” technologies such as liquid air energy storage. © Supplied by Highview PowerA design image of a Highview Power liquid air energy storage system. . The Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ) initially said in January 2024 that it would exclude lithium-ion batteries from the LDES support scheme. However, officials subsequently said lithium-ion BESS would be eligible if they meet specific criteria, including a minimum eight-hour duration. But the group of developers said analysis from LCP Delta shows BESS is the “most competitive” LDES technology, adding the current scheme could “risk jeopardising” the government’s 27 GW target for shorter

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CIOs could improve sustainability with data center purchasing decisions — but don’t

CIOs can drive change Even though it’s difficult to calculate an organization’s carbon footprint, CIOs and IT purchasing leaders trying to reduce their environmental impact can influence data center operators, experts say. “Customers have a very large voice,” Seagate’s Feist says. “Don’t underestimate how powerful that CIO feedback loop is. The large cloud accounts are customer-obsessed organizations, so they listen, and they react.” While DataBank began using renewable energy years ago, customer demand can push more data center operators to follow suit, Gerson says. “For sure, if there is a requirement to purchase renewable power, we are going to purchase renewable power,” she adds.

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Copper-to-optics technology eyed for next-gen AI networking gear

Broadcom’s demonstration and a follow-up session explored the benefits of further developing CPC, such as reduced signal integrity penalties and extended reach, through channel modeling and simulations, Broadcom wrote in a blog about the DesignCon event. “Experimental results showed successful implementation of CPC, demonstrating its potential to address bandwidth and signal integrity challenges in data centers, which is crucial for AI applications,” Broadcom stated. In addition to the demo, Broadcom and Samtec also authored a white paper on CPC that stated: “Co-packaged connectivity (CPC) provides the opportunity to omit loss and reflection penalties from the [printed circuit board (PCB)] and the package. When high speed I/O is cabled from the top of the package advanced PCB materials are not necessary. Losses from package vertical paths and PCB routing can be transferred to the longer reach of cables,” the authors stated. “As highly complex systems are challenged to scale the number of I/O and their reach, co- packaged connectivity presents opportunity. As we approach 224G-PAM4 [which uses optical techniques to support 224 Gigabits per second data rates per optical lane] and above, system loss and dominating noise sources necessitate the need to re-consider that which has been restricted in the back of the system architect’s mind for years: What if we attached to the package?” At OFC, Samtec demonstrated its Si-FlyHD co-packaged cable assemblies and Samtec FlyoverOctal Small Form-factor Pluggable (OSFP) over the Samtec Eye Speed Hyper Low Skew twinax copper cable. Flyover is Samtec’s proprietary way of addressing signal integrity and reach limitations of routing high-speed signals through traditional printed circuit boards (PCBs). “This evaluation platform incorporates Broadcom’s industry-leading 200G SerDes technology and Samtec’s co-packaged Flyover technology. Si-Fly HD CPC offers the industry’s highest footprint density and robust interconnect which enables 102.4T (512 lanes at 200G) in a 95 x

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The Rise of AI Factories: Transforming Intelligence at Scale

AI Factories Redefine Infrastructure The architecture of AI factories reflects a paradigm shift that mirrors the evolution of the industrial age itself—from manual processes to automation, and now to autonomous intelligence. Nvidia’s framing of these systems as “factories” isn’t just branding; it’s a conceptual leap that positions AI infrastructure as the new production line. GPUs are the engines, data is the raw material, and the output isn’t a physical product, but predictive power at unprecedented scale. In this vision, compute capacity becomes a strategic asset, and the ability to iterate faster on AI models becomes a competitive differentiator, not just a technical milestone. This evolution also introduces a new calculus for data center investment. The cost-per-token of inference—how efficiently a system can produce usable AI output—emerges as a critical KPI, replacing traditional metrics like PUE or rack density as primary indicators of performance. That changes the game for developers, operators, and regulators alike. Just as cloud computing shifted the industry’s center of gravity over the past decade, the rise of AI factories is likely to redraw the map again—favoring locations with not only robust power and cooling, but with access to clean energy, proximity to data-rich ecosystems, and incentives that align with national digital strategies. The Economics of AI: Scaling Laws and Compute Demand At the heart of the AI factory model is a requirement for a deep understanding of the scaling laws that govern AI economics. Initially, the emphasis in AI revolved around pretraining large models, requiring massive amounts of compute, expert labor, and curated data. Over five years, pretraining compute needs have increased by a factor of 50 million. However, once a foundational model is trained, the downstream potential multiplies exponentially, while the compute required to utilize a fully trained model for standard inference is significantly less than

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Google’s AI-Powered Grid Revolution: How Data Centers Are Reshaping the U.S. Power Landscape

Google Unveils Groundbreaking AI Partnership with PJM and Tapestry to Reinvent the U.S. Power Grid In a move that underscores the growing intersection between digital infrastructure and energy resilience, Google has announced a major new initiative to modernize the U.S. electric grid using artificial intelligence. The company is partnering with PJM Interconnection—the largest grid operator in North America—and Tapestry, an Alphabet moonshot backed by Google Cloud and DeepMind, to develop AI tools aimed at transforming how new power sources are brought online. The initiative, detailed in a blog post by Alphabet and Google President Ruth Porat, represents one of Google’s most ambitious energy collaborations to date. It seeks to address mounting challenges facing grid operators, particularly the explosive backlog of energy generation projects that await interconnection in a power system unprepared for 21st-century demands. “This is our biggest step yet to use AI for building a stronger, more resilient electricity system,” Porat wrote. Tapping AI to Tackle an Interconnection Crisis The timing is critical. The U.S. energy grid is facing a historic inflection point. According to the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, more than 2,600 gigawatts (GW) of generation and storage projects were waiting in interconnection queues at the end of 2023—more than double the total installed capacity of the entire U.S. grid. Meanwhile, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) has revised its five-year demand forecast, now projecting U.S. peak load to rise by 128 GW before 2030—more than triple the previous estimate. Grid operators like PJM are straining to process a surge in interconnection requests, which have skyrocketed from a few dozen to thousands annually. This wave of applications has exposed the limits of legacy systems and planning tools. Enter AI. Tapestry’s role is to develop and deploy AI models that can intelligently manage and streamline the complex process of

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Podcast: Vaire Computing Bets on Reversible Logic for ‘Near Zero Energy’ AI Data Centers

The AI revolution is charging ahead—but powering it shouldn’t cost us the planet. That tension lies at the heart of Vaire Computing’s bold proposition: rethinking the very logic that underpins silicon to make chips radically more energy efficient. Speaking on the Data Center Frontier Show podcast, Vaire CEO Rodolfo Rossini laid out a compelling case for why the next era of compute won’t just be about scaling transistors—but reinventing the way they work. “Moore’s Law is coming to an end, at least for classical CMOS,” Rossini said. “There are a number of potential architectures out there—quantum and photonics are the most well known. Our bet is that the future will look a lot like existing CMOS, but the logic will look very, very, very different.” That bet is reversible computing—a largely untapped architecture that promises major gains in energy efficiency by recovering energy lost during computation. A Forgotten Frontier Unlike conventional chips that discard energy with each logic operation, reversible chips can theoretically recycle that energy. The concept, Rossini explained, isn’t new—but it’s long been overlooked. “The tech is really old. I mean really old,” Rossini said. “The seeds of this technology were actually at the very beginning of the industrial revolution.” Drawing on the work of 19th-century mechanical engineers like Sadi Carnot and later insights from John von Neumann, the theoretical underpinnings of reversible computing stretch back decades. A pivotal 1961 paper formally connected reversibility to energy efficiency in computing. But progress stalled—until now. “Nothing really happened until a team of MIT students built the first chip in the 1990s,” Rossini noted. “But they were trying to build a CPU, which is a world of pain. There’s a reason why I don’t think there’s been a startup trying to build CPUs for a very, very long time.” AI, the

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Pennsylvania’s Homer City Energy Campus: A Brownfield Transformed for Data Center Innovation

The redevelopment of the Homer City Generating Station in Pennsylvania represents an important transformation from a decommissioned coal-fired power plant to a state-of-the-art natural gas-powered data center campus, showing the creative reuse of a large brownfield site and the creation of what can be a significant location in power generation and the digital future. The redevelopment will address the growing energy demands of artificial intelligence and high-performance computing technologies, while also contributing to Pennsylvania’s digital advancement, in an area not known as a hotbed of technical prowess. Brownfield Development Established in 1969, the original generating station was a 2-gigawatt coal-fired power plant located near Homer City, Indiana County, Pennsylvania. The site was formerly the largest coal-burning power plant in the state, and known for its 1,217-foot chimney, the tallest in the United States. In April 2023, the owners announced its closure due to competition from cheaper natural gas and the rising costs of environmental compliance. The plant was officially decommissioned on July 1, 2023, and its demolition, including the iconic chimney, was completed by March 22, 2025. ​ The redevelopment project, led by Homer City Redevelopment (HCR) in partnership with Kiewit Power Constructors Co., plans to transform the 3,200-acre site into the Homer City Energy Campus, via construction of a 4.5-gigawatt natural gas-fired power plant, making it the largest of its kind in the United States. Gas Turbines This plant will utilize seven high-efficiency, hydrogen-enabled 7HA.02 gas turbines supplied by GE Vernova, with deliveries expected to begin in 2026. ​The GE Vernova gas turbine has been seeing significant interest in the power generation market as new power plants have been moving to the planning stage. The GE Vernova 7HA.02 is a high-efficiency, hydrogen-enabled gas turbine designed for advanced power generation applications. As part of GE Vernova’s HA product line, it

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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