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MODEC, Carbon Clean Boost Cooperation on FPSO CO2 Capture System

Carbon Clean Solutions Ltd. and MODEC Inc. have signed a deal to accelerate the development of an offshore floating solution for the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2). The memorandum of understanding (MOU) builds on an earlier collaboration in which Japan’s MODEC selected London-based Carbon Clean’s CycloneCC, a modular and scalable prefabricated CO2 capture technology, for […]

Carbon Clean Solutions Ltd. and MODEC Inc. have signed a deal to accelerate the development of an offshore floating solution for the capture of carbon dioxide (CO2).

The memorandum of understanding (MOU) builds on an earlier collaboration in which Japan’s MODEC selected London-based Carbon Clean’s CycloneCC, a modular and scalable prefabricated CO2 capture technology, for a pilot installation on a MODEC floating production, storage and offloading vessel.

The MOU “seeks to establish the framework in collaborating on how to accelerate the deployment of Carbon Clean’s On-Board Carbon Capture Solution for FPSO facilities based on MODEC’s well-established FPSO design and technical standards”, said a statement posted on MODEC’s website Thursday.

“Similar to the intent of the recently announced pilot project, and building on the early success already realized, the work to be considered by this MOU will take the proprietary Rotating Packed Bed CycloneCC offered by Carbon Clean and seek to size this for the typical emission profile of a MODEC FPSO.

“If the outcomes of the work considered by the MOU are successful, it would enable post-combustion carbon capture to be offered as a standard offering on future FPSO projects”.

The MOU targets to achieve a successful pilot plant installation on an FPSO facility in 2026. “This will be followed by the first commercial-scale deployment, targeting capture of up to 100,000 tonnes of CO2 per year, enabling partial decarbonization”, said a press release on Carbon Clean’s website. “A further scale-up will integrate CycloneCC into the FPSO design to achieve full decarbonization, with the capacity to capture approximately 300,000 tonnes of CO2 per year”.

CycloneCC has a 50 percent less footprint than traditional solutions, according to Carbon Clean. “The C1 series, the newest in the CycloneCC lineup, delivers a 70 percent height reduction compared to column-based technologies”, Carbon Clean said. “Its RPB design enhances performance under vessel motion – an essential advantage for FPSO operations”. 

Carbon Clean chair and chief executive Aniruddha Sharma said, “MODEC is setting the pace for the next generation of FPSO development, and we’re proud to support their leadership with our cutting-dge carbon capture technology”.

“This agreement is a major step toward commercializing onboard carbon capture for FPSOs and sets a precedent for the broader maritime industry”, Sharma added.

“As the International Maritime Organization’s emissions regulations develop in support of maritime decarbonization, CycloneCC offers a scalable and viable solution to help vessels meet these targets and achieve full emissions reductions before the end of this decade”.

On February 27 MODEC said it had contracted SAMSUNG E&A to optimize CycloneCC for a MODEC FPSO vessel, under the pilot installation project. The pilot would be the first deployment of CycloneCC in an offshore carbon capture setting and the first post-combustion carbon capture implementation on an FPSO on a retrofit basis, according to the companies.

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Why enterprise networks need both reach and resilience

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Petronas Signs Vehicle Fluids Deal with Mahindra

Malaysia’s Petroliam Nasional Berhad (Petronas) has secured a deal with Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. Petronas Lubricants International (PLI) and Petronas Lubricants (India) Pvt. Ltd. bagged an Aftermarket Service Fill contract from India’s largest sports utility vehicle (SUV) manufacturer. Under the agreement, Petronas Lubricants will be the sole distributor of vehicle fluids to Mahindra’s authorized dealers, workshops, and stockists under the Maximile brand within Mahindra’s South Zone Distribution network in India, Petronas said in a media release. The deal involves engine oils, transmission oils, axle oils, and steering fluids. The deal spans 50 Stock Keeping Units (SKUs), catering to a wide range of passenger cars and SUVs across the region, Petronas said. “This collaboration marks a strategic step for PLIPL, reinforcing its commitment to deliver high-performance, OEM-aligned solutions to India’s rapidly growing automotive market”, Petronas said. “Through decades of engineering expertise, PLIPL’s innovative products will now be accessible to a broader market, enabling more customers to experience its award-winning Fluid Technology Solutions™ while supporting the future of mobility in India with Mahindra as a trusted partner. “With proven capabilities in R&D, manufacturing, and global distribution, PETRONAS Lubricants International is ideally positioned to support Mahindra’s expansive service network and evolving customer expectations”, it added. The agreement was signed by Binu Chandy, Chief Executive Officer of Petronas Lubricants India Pvt. Ltd., and R. Veeraraghavan, Senior Vice President of Strategic Sourcing, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., in Mumbai. To contact the author, email [email protected] What do you think? We’d love to hear from you, join the conversation on the Rigzone Energy Network. The Rigzone Energy Network is a new social experience created for you and all energy professionals to Speak Up about our industry, share knowledge, connect with peers and industry insiders and engage in a professional community that will empower your career in energy. MORE FROM THIS

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Anzana Plans to Acquire Stake in Burundi-DRC-Rwanda Hydropower Project

Anzana Electric Group has signed a tentative deal with Ruzizi III Holding Power Co. Ltd. (RHPCL) to acquire up to 10 percent in a hydroelectric project that would serve Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Rwanda. The agreement for the 206-megawatt Ruzizi III Regional Hydropower Project was part of over $2.5 billion in deals and commitments between African and American partners signed during the United States-Africa Business Summit in Luanda, Angola, according to the U.S. State Department. The $760-million project is planned to rise on the Ruzizi River between DRC in Central Africa and Rwanda in Eastern Africa. It is a private-public partnership. RHPCL, a special-purpose vehicle registered in Rwanda, is the private partner to the project company Ruzizi III Energy Limited under a build-own-operate-transfer scheme. RHPCL expects to power about 30 million people across the three neighboring countries, “in a region where 54 percent live below the poverty line and electricity access averages just 24 percent”, said a joint statement by RHPCL and Anzana. “The project will nearly double Burundi’s current capacity, boost Rwanda’s by 30 percent, and deliver critical baseload and dispatchable power to eastern DRC, advancing economic growth, regional integration, and energy security in one of Africa’s most underserved regions”. RHPCL and Anzana, which invests in hydropower and grid distribution projects in East, Central and Southern Africa, committed to negotiating for a binding partnership agreement to be penned by September. “The agreement will outline governance rights, investment commitments, and the trajectory for further collaboration”, the companies said. Anzana chief executive Brian Kelly said, “Through this partnership, we are not only powering homes, communities, and industries, we are helping to drive regional integration, strengthen energy security and stability, and pave the way for expanded U.S. investment and trade in Africa’s energy future”. On the same

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Russia’s Sanctioned Arctic LNG 2 Raises Output to Record Levels

Russia’s sanctioned Arctic LNG 2 project raised production to record levels during the last days of June as the facility appears to have resumed loading cargoes. Natural gas output at the Novatek PJSC-led facility averaged 14 million cubic meters a day on June 28 and June 29, according to a person with knowledge of the matter.  That’s the highest daily level for the plant, historic data shows. Higher natural gas output doesn’t automatically indicate a hike in LNG production, but historically the plant produced more gas when it was able to load cargoes. In December 2023, when it was launched, Arctic LNG 2 pumped an average of 13.7 million cubic meters of gas a day. The facility located above the Arctic Circle is key for Russia’s ambition to triple LNG production by 2030. Those plans were squeezed by international restrictions after the invasion of Ukraine, but a liquefied gas tanker appeared to load a cargo several days ago, suggesting Russia may be finding ways around the penalties. Gas output at Arctic LNG 2 averaged 8.9 million cubic meters a day during most of June, compared with 9.4 million cubic meters a day the month before, the person said, asking not to be identified because the information isn’t public. Novatek, the largest shareholder of Arctic LNG 2, and the plant’s operator didn’t immediately respond to requests for comments. The Iris tanker — previously known as North Sky and blacklisted by the US, the EU and the UK — left the site Sunday. Its draft level, which the crew inputs manually, has increased, potentially indicating the tanker loaded a cargo there, according to ship-tracking data compiled by Bloomberg. The tanker is heading toward the Arctic port of Murmansk, where it’s expected to arrive July 2. Novatek uses waters near Murmansk to transfer LNG cargoes

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Oil Gains as Mideast Tensions Reignite

Oil edged up from near the lowest levels in a month as tensions once again flared in the Middle East, returning the spotlight to the fragility of a truce between Israel and Iran. West Texas Intermediate rose 0.5% to settle near $65.50 a barrel, while Brent closed above $67. Volumes were trending lower ahead of Friday’s July 4 holiday in the US. Investors are watching closely to see whether Iran’s inventories of near-bomb-grade uranium have been depleted and whether its moves to cut off communication with key United Nations watchdog officials will trigger another wave of US strikes. President Donald Trump has said the US will “be there” unless Iran backs away from its nuclear program. So far, the conflict has not disrupted flows in the region but the mere possibility of supply interruptions now has some traders taking a wait-and-see approach. During the heat of tensions, a quarterly record of combined options contracts for WTI and Brent changed hands as traders bet on the outcome of these fast-evolving conflicts, based on data from the exchanges. Aside from geopolitics, macro factors also lent conflicting signals to oil. The demand outlook for the US darkened slightly after factory activity contracted in June for a fourth consecutive month, although the labor market showed signs of strength. The Middle East developments took away the focus from a meeting between the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies. The group is expected to agree to a fourth monthly major supply increase during discussions Sunday, according to a Bloomberg survey, as de facto leader Saudi Arabia continues its bid to reclaim market share. Oil lost almost 10% last quarter in a volatile three months that saw prices drop sharply in April on Trump’s tariff plans, and surge in June after Israel attacked Iran,

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Senate passes megabill that curbs IRA tax credits, drops wind and solar tax

Dive Brief: The Senate voted Tuesday to pass an amended version of the Republican budget megabill that significantly curtails clean energy tax credits. It does not contain a proposed excise tax on wind and solar projects that caught many by surprise when it was added late Friday. The final version carves out an exception to the bill’s new phaseout deadline for wind and solar project tax credits. Previously, the legislation stipulated that wind and solar projects had to be placed in service by the end of 2027 to qualify for the clean energy production credit. This was amended to exempt projects that begin construction within a year after the signing of the legislation. The bill that made it out of the Senate Finance Committee had softened some of the IRA cuts made in the House. That version was supplanted over the weekend by harsher language that included the now-dead excise tax. The Senate bill now heads back to the House, with Republican leadership in both chambers aiming to deliver the bill to President Trump’s desk for him to sign it into law by Friday. Dive Insight: Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., and Sen. Thom Tillis, R-N.C., continued to oppose the legislation after voting against it over the weekend. They were joined by Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, along with all Democrats. Vice President JD Vance provided the tiebreaking vote. “Under the last-minute carveout, Big Green has 12 months to initiate as many subsidized projects as it wants using the insanely-easy-to-meet ‘construction’ threshold,” tweeted fossil fuel advocate Alex Epstein, who helped congressional Republicans shape the megabill. “Several Senators have already told me they didn’t know about or understand this last-minute paragraph. If that’s the case they should do whatever they can to fix the situation.”  Harry Godfrey, who leads Advanced Energy United’s federal policy team, said

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USA Diesel Demand in April Stronger Than Expected Despite Tariffs

US diesel demand, a closely watched measure of the country’s economic health, was higher in April than early weekly estimates, the Energy Information Administration said in its monthly report. Distillate fuel oil demand was 3.88 million barrels a day in April, according to the agency’s latest Petroleum Supply Monthly report released Monday. That is 4.7% higher than early estimates published by the agency in its Wednesday weekly report and 2.2% higher than April 2024. April was a volatile month for diesel futures after President Trump announced sweeping tariffs on April 2, causing prices to tank. Demand for jet fuel was revised down by 5% in the monthly EIA report to 1.76 million barrels a day from estimates of 1.86 millions barrels a day. Those same tariffs also clouded the outlook for air travel, with some Americans opting for road trips over flying as they tighten spending.  Demand for gasoline, the most consumed fuel in the US, was in-line with weekly estimates published earlier this year. Total US liquids production eked out a record-high of 20.83 million barrels a day in April, up roughly 50,000 barrels from the previous month, the report said. The number, which includes crude oil and natural gas liquids, came in roughly 340,000 barrels higher than a previous estimate for the month of April. WHAT DO YOU THINK? Generated by readers, the comments included herein do not reflect the views and opinions of Rigzone. All comments are subject to editorial review. Off-topic, inappropriate or insulting comments will be removed.

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Data center capacity continues to shift to hyperscalers

However, even though colocation and on-premises data centers will continue to lose share, they will still continue to grow. They just won’t be growing as fast as hyperscalers. So, it creates the illusion of shrinkage when it’s actually just slower growth. In fact, after a sustained period of essentially no growth, on-premises data center capacity is receiving a boost thanks to genAI applications and GPU infrastructure. “While most enterprise workloads are gravitating towards cloud providers or to off-premise colo facilities, a substantial subset are staying on-premise, driving a substantial increase in enterprise GPU servers,” said John Dinsdale, a chief analyst at Synergy Research Group.

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Oracle inks $30 billion cloud deal, continuing its strong push into AI infrastructure.

He pointed out that, in addition to its continued growth, OCI has a remaining performance obligation (RPO) — total future revenue expected from contracts not yet reported as revenue — of $138 billion, a 41% increase, year over year. The company is benefiting from the immense demand for cloud computing largely driven by AI models. While traditionally an enterprise resource planning (ERP) company, Oracle launched OCI in 2016 and has been strategically investing in AI and data center infrastructure that can support gigawatts of capacity. Notably, it is a partner in the $500 billion SoftBank-backed Stargate project, along with OpenAI, Arm, Microsoft, and Nvidia, that will build out data center infrastructure in the US. Along with that, the company is reportedly spending about $40 billion on Nvidia chips for a massive new data center in Abilene, Texas, that will serve as Stargate’s first location in the country. Further, the company has signaled its plans to significantly increase its investment in Abu Dhabi to grow out its cloud and AI offerings in the UAE; has partnered with IBM to advance agentic AI; has launched more than 50 genAI use cases with Cohere; and is a key provider for ByteDance, which has said it plans to invest $20 billion in global cloud infrastructure this year, notably in Johor, Malaysia. Ellison’s plan: dominate the cloud world CTO and co-founder Larry Ellison announced in a recent earnings call Oracle’s intent to become No. 1 in cloud databases, cloud applications, and the construction and operation of cloud data centers. He said Oracle is uniquely positioned because it has so much enterprise data stored in its databases. He also highlighted the company’s flexible multi-cloud strategy and said that the latest version of its database, Oracle 23ai, is specifically tailored to the needs of AI workloads. Oracle

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Datacenter industry calls for investment after EU issues water consumption warning

CISPE’s response to the European Commission’s report warns that the resulting regulatory uncertainty could hurt the region’s economy. “Imposing new, standalone water regulations could increase costs, create regulatory fragmentation, and deter investment. This risks shifting infrastructure outside the EU, undermining both sustainability and sovereignty goals,” CISPE said in its latest policy recommendation, Advancing water resilience through digital innovation and responsible stewardship. “Such regulatory uncertainty could also reduce Europe’s attractiveness for climate-neutral infrastructure investment at a time when other regions offer clear and stable frameworks for green data growth,” it added. CISPE’s recommendations are a mix of regulatory harmonization, increased investment, and technological improvement. Currently, water reuse regulation is directed towards agriculture. Updated regulation across the bloc would encourage more efficient use of water in industrial settings such as datacenters, the asosciation said. At the same time, countries struggling with limited public sector budgets are not investing enough in water infrastructure. This could only be addressed by tapping new investment by encouraging formal public-private partnerships (PPPs), it suggested: “Such a framework would enable the development of sustainable financing models that harness private sector innovation and capital, while ensuring robust public oversight and accountability.” Nevertheless, better water management would also require real-time data gathered through networks of IoT sensors coupled to AI analytics and prediction systems. To that end, cloud datacenters were less a drain on water resources than part of the answer: “A cloud-based approach would allow water utilities and industrial users to centralize data collection, automate operational processes, and leverage machine learning algorithms for improved decision-making,” argued CISPE.

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HPE-Juniper deal clears DOJ hurdle, but settlement requires divestitures

In HPE’s press release following the court’s decision, the vendor wrote that “After close, HPE will facilitate limited access to Juniper’s advanced Mist AIOps technology.” In addition, the DOJ stated that the settlement requires HPE to divest its Instant On business and mandates that the merged firm license critical Juniper software to independent competitors. Specifically, HPE must divest its global Instant On campus and branch WLAN business, including all assets, intellectual property, R&D personnel, and customer relationships, to a DOJ-approved buyer within 180 days. Instant On is aimed primarily at the SMB arena and offers a cloud-based package of wired and wireless networking gear that’s designed for so-called out-of-the-box installation and minimal IT involvement, according to HPE. HPE and Juniper focused on the positive in reacting to the settlement. “Our agreement with the DOJ paves the way to close HPE’s acquisition of Juniper Networks and preserves the intended benefits of this deal for our customers and shareholders, while creating greater competition in the global networking market,” HPE CEO Antonio Neri said in a statement. “For the first time, customers will now have a modern network architecture alternative that can best support the demands of AI workloads. The combination of HPE Aruba Networking and Juniper Networks will provide customers with a comprehensive portfolio of secure, AI-native networking solutions, and accelerate HPE’s ability to grow in the AI data center, service provider and cloud segments.” “This marks an exciting step forward in delivering on a critical customer need – a complete portfolio of modern, secure networking solutions to connect their organizations and provide essential foundations for hybrid cloud and AI,” said Juniper Networks CEO Rami Rahim. “We look forward to closing this transaction and turning our shared vision into reality for enterprise, service provider and cloud customers.”

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Data center costs surge up to 18% as enterprises face two-year capacity drought

“AI workloads, especially training and archival, can absorb 10-20ms latency variance if offset by 30-40% cost savings and assured uptime,” said Gogia. “Des Moines and Richmond offer better interconnection diversity today than some saturated Tier-1 hubs.” Contract flexibility is also crucial. Rather than traditional long-term leases, enterprises are negotiating shorter agreements with renewal options and exploring revenue-sharing arrangements tied to business performance. Maximizing what you have With expansion becoming more costly, enterprises are getting serious about efficiency through aggressive server consolidation, sophisticated virtualization and AI-driven optimization tools that squeeze more performance from existing space. The companies performing best in this constrained market are focusing on optimization rather than expansion. Some embrace hybrid strategies blending existing on-premises infrastructure with strategic cloud partnerships, reducing dependence on traditional colocation while maintaining control over critical workloads. The long wait When might relief arrive? CBRE’s analysis shows primary markets had a record 6,350 MW under construction at year-end 2024, more than double 2023 levels. However, power capacity constraints are forcing aggressive pre-leasing and extending construction timelines to 2027 and beyond. The implications for enterprises are stark: with construction timelines extending years due to power constraints, companies are essentially locked into current infrastructure for at least the next few years. Those adapting their strategies now will be better positioned when capacity eventually returns.

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Cisco backs quantum networking startup Qunnect

In partnership with Deutsche Telekom’s T-Labs, Qunnect has set up quantum networking testbeds in New York City and Berlin. “Qunnect understands that quantum networking has to work in the real world, not just in pristine lab conditions,” Vijoy Pandey, general manager and senior vice president of Outshift by Cisco, stated in a blog about the investment. “Their room-temperature approach aligns with our quantum data center vision.” Cisco recently announced it is developing a quantum entanglement chip that could ultimately become part of the gear that will populate future quantum data centers. The chip operates at room temperature, uses minimal power, and functions using existing telecom frequencies, according to Pandey.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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