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Multicloud explained: Why it pays to diversify your cloud strategy

Flexibility. While most cloud vendors pitch themselves as a total cloud solution, the truth is that each major offering has strengths and weaknesses, and companies may not want to commit to one vendor if they have multiple cloud use cases. For instance, an organization might use Microsoft’s Azure cloud for its analytics capabilities, but Amazon’s AWS […]

Flexibility. While most cloud vendors pitch themselves as a total cloud solution, the truth is that each major offering has strengths and weaknesses, and companies may not want to commit to one vendor if they have multiple cloud use cases.

For instance, an organization might use Microsoft’s Azure cloud for its analytics capabilities, but Amazon’s AWS to develop Alexa Skills applications. Even workloads developed to be theoretically vendor neutral may see better performance on different cloud platforms.

Geographic proximity and network performance. The whole notion of the cloud entices you to think of a cloud server as being somewhere “out there,” unconstrained by the limits of physical reality. In practice, some cloud vendors are going to be able to offer cloud servers that are physically closer to your users and customers than others, or that have a network connection to them with lower latency. You might want to turn to those providers for mission-critical, high-performance needs while using others as appropriate. And having clouds in different geographic regions can have regulatory as well as performance benefits, as you can store and secure data as appropriate for various data protection laws.

Keeping your eggs in multiple baskets. If your cloud provider were to suffer a massive and prolonged outage, that would have major repercussions on your business. While that’s pretty unlikely if you go with one of the hyperscalers, it’s possible with a more specialized vendor.

And even with the big players, you may discover annoyances, performance problems, unanticipated charges, or other issues that might cause you to rethink your relationship. Using services from multiple vendors makes it easier to end a relationship that feels like it’s gone stale without you having to retool your entire infrastructure.

 It can be a great means to determine which cloud providers are best for which workloads. And it can’t hurt as a negotiating tactic when contracts expire or when you’re considering adding new cloud services.

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Trump Overturns California Phaseout of Fossil Fuel Cars

President Donald Trump on Thursday signed into law congressional resolutions that overturn three California regulations for cleaner transport, including one that would phase out the sale of new fossil fuel vehicles by 2035. Last February the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) said it was letting Congress review waivers it had issued

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Why people love Linux

The people who love Linux love it for a wide variety of reasons. Some of them appreciate having access to source code and the ability (if they’re so inclined) to modify it. Most love that the majority of Linux distributions are completely free. Some understand and appreciate that Linux is

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Perenco Invests in New Offshore Infrastructure in Congo

Perenco Holdings’ Perenco Congo SA is investing in a new platform, Kombi 2, which will be installed on the Kombi-Likalala-Libondo II (KLL II) permit area. The unit is currently under construction at the Nieuwdorp shipyard (Netherlands) by Dixstone, a sister company of Perenco. The new platform targets to recover approximately 7 million cubic feet of gas per day, Perenco said in a media release. “Kombi 2 is fully in line with our commitment to performance, operational safety, and environmental responsibility. This new milestone demonstrates our ability to combine technical innovation, compliance with the most demanding standards, and a direct contribution to the country’s development”, Stéphane BARC, Managing Director of Perenco Congo, said. Perenco said it will be able to generate the necessary electricity using two gas turbines connected to a 33 kV electrical hub, enhance surface treatment and develop an additional 10 million barrels of reserves through the optimization of existing wells, and integrate a well-bay module to accommodate new wells, with a potential of 10 million additional barrels. The Kombi 2 construction project, comprising upcoming drilling phases, involves an investment of over $200 million. The platform is due to leave the Netherlands in October 2025 and become operational in Pointe-Noire by early 2026, the company said. The recent renewal of the Ikalou II and Likouala II permits, initially for 20 years, strengthens Perenco’s presence in Congo, it said. This move is set to trigger a global investment plan worth nearly $900 million, including work-over campaigns, development drilling, and the rollout of cutting-edge infrastructure, the company added. Perenco said it is supporting the country’s ambition to hit production of 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day by 2030. To contact the author, email [email protected] What do you think? We’d love to hear from you, join the conversation on the Rigzone

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Petronas, F1 Team Join Hands to Support Research on Mangrove CCS

Petroliam Nasional Bhd. and the Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 Team have agreed to launch a South-South initiative to study carbon capture and storage (CCS) in mangrove ecosystems. The Blue Carbon Collective will expand an existing research collaboration between Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and University of Sao Paulo (USP). UPM will conduct research in the Sungai Santi Forest Reserve and apply established methodologies from Brazil. The research will “include carbon stock assessment and monitoring of soil quality and ecosystem health in Malaysia, enabling comparative analysis between the two countries”, Petronas said in an online statement. “The Blue Carbon Collective aims to deliver several research objectives including identifying the impact of land use changes, understanding carbon stabilization mechanisms, and developing and applying a soil quality index”. “The five-year collaboration is expected to generate vital research data to advance carbon emissions reduction strategies, help conserve mangroves, and create local job and business opportunities”, Petronas said. “The Mercedes-AMG PETRONAS F1 Team will support the research activities”. Professor Tiago Osorio Ferreira, project coordinator from USP, said, “These findings will support the development of process-based models for carbon dynamics in Blue Carbon ecosystems at a global scale and produce evidence-based climate policies grounded in nature-based solutions”. Petronas unveiled the initiative as it announced biodiversity and resource efficiency goals at the inaugural Petronas-hosted Energy and Nature Forum in Kuala Lumpur. By 2030 Petronas aims to have “Biodiversity Action Plans” for all “very high” and “high” risk areas that host sites under Petronas’ operational control. “From 2030, PETRONAS aims to maintain the habitat size for all sites within their operational control located in protected areas and/or key biodiversity areas”, Petronas said. “Where not feasible, PETRONAS establishes comparable areas to substitute the loss. “From 2030, PETRONAS’ decommissioning plans or equivalent documents, will include ecosystem rehabilitation measures for operations/projects in protected

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Google, CTC Global partner to deploy advanced conductors

Google and conductor manufacturer CTC Global on Tuesday said they are partnering to ask states, utilities and transmission developers to identify areas to deploy advanced conductors, which can carry more power than standard transmission lines but use existing towers and poles. Responses to a request for information are due on July 14, and a request for proposals will “shortly follow,” Google and CTC Global said in a release shared in advance with Utility Dive. “Applications are encouraged from areas where Google has existing or announced data centers, as well as their associated wholesale markets,” the release states. The partnership will focus on U.S. transmission lines that have the most potential to accelerate grid capacity using CTC Global’s conductors, and it will prioritize projects that would “deliver the greatest immediate impact and that support load growth where Google operates,” the release said. Advanced conductors are one of the alternative transmission technologies that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s Order 1920 requires transmission providers “in each transmission planning region to consider more fully.” FERC said in an explainer that the order’s goal “is to identify efficient and cost-effective solutions to meet transmission needs and optimize the transmission system without the need to build additional transmission facilities.” Google and CTC Global invited states, utilities and transmission developers to start responding to the RFI immediately. They said “selected partners and projects” will gain access to cost assistance, workforce training on the deployment of CTC Global’s ACCC conductors and “support for technical project studies … to validate the technology’s integration and impact.” CTC Global CEO J.D. Sitton said in the release that the partnership is a “positive turning point to lower electricity costs, generate economic growth, and advance U.S. energy dominance … [helping] ensure that the U.S. invests in cost-effective solutions for the long-term that help the U.S.

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Petronas Enters into New Partnerships with Eni, TotalEnergies

Malaysia’s national oil and gas company has signed a deal with Eni SpA to combine their upstream assets in Malaysia and Indonesia. Separately Petroliam Nasional Bhd. (Petronas) penned multiple agreements with TotalEnergies SE to jointly explore several offshore blocks in Malaysia and signed another agreement for a farm-down in Indonesia to the French company. The joint venture agreement with Italy’s state-backed Eni, expected to be finalized in the fourth quarter, would deliver 500,000 barrels of oil equivalent (boe) a day in the medium term. The combined portfolio would consist of about three billion boe of reserves and 10 billion boe of exploration potential, according to the companies. “This collaboration will unlock new opportunities for us to contribute to the energy security in the region and deliver long-term value across Malaysia and Indonesia”, Petronas president and chief executive Muhammad Taufik said in an online statement. The partnership would create “synergy in terms of assets, expertise and financial capabilities, in a transformational model that further strengthens the huge potential of the two countries”, Eni chief executive Claudio Descalzi said separately. “The new company will have a strong regional impact on gas production, bringing additional energy, infrastructures and employment for the benefit of both Indonesia and Malaysia”. Meanwhile Petronas’ agreements with TotalEnergies in Malaysia and Indonesia involve offshore blocks in different maturation stages and covering over 100,000 square kilometers (38,610.19 square miles), TotalEnergies said in a press release. “TotalEnergies will notably hold, alongside PETRONAS through its wholly-owned subsidiary Petronas Carigali Sdn. Bhd., a 50 percent operated working interest in Blocks SK301b and SK313, where significant gas discoveries (more than 4 Tcf) were made and are expected to be developed to support gas supply to Malaysia LNG from 2030”, TotalEnergies said. “TotalEnergies will also hold, alongside PETRONAS, interests in several exploration blocks offshore Malaysia.

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Trump Plays Down Iran-Israel Ceasefire as He Leaves G7 Early

US President Donald Trump left the Group of Seven leaders meeting in Canada early to deal with the Israel-Iran conflict, but played down the chances of a ceasefire. On Tuesday morning, he returned to Washington and criticized French President Emmanuel Macron for saying the move was possibly a sign he was working on a truce. “Wrong!,” Trump said in reference to Macron on Truth Social. “He has no idea why I am now on my way to Washington, but it certainly has nothing to do with a Cease Fire. Much bigger than that. Stay Tuned!” Trump hasn’t clearly spelled out his next steps as he returns to the US capital. Israel and Iran continue to strike on one another. While global markets have calmed since hostilities started on Friday with Israel bombing Iran, there are still widespread fears the war will spread to other countries in the oil- and gas-producing region. Despite Trump’s latest comments, top US officials said the president remains hopeful a peace deal can be achieved between Israel and Iran. The diplomatic flurry followed another 24 hours of intense bombardments, with Iran firing ballistic missiles and Israel striking targets across the Islamic Republic, including the capital of Tehran. The USS Nimitz aircraft carrier strike group is now sailing to the Middle East ahead of schedule, marking the first significant move of American military assets to the region since Friday.  “Iran should have signed the ‘deal’ I told them to sign,” Trump wrote in an earlier social media post, referring to nuclear talks between Tehran and Washington that are now on hold. “What a shame, and waste of human life. Simply stated, IRAN CAN NOT HAVE A NUCLEAR WEAPON. I said it over and over again! Everyone should immediately evacuate Tehran!” It wasn’t clear if Trump knew of a

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EU Needs $279B Investment in Traditional Nuclear through 2050: Commission

European Union member states need around EUR 241 billion ($278.62 billion) through 2050 to grow the share of conventional nuclear in their energy mix toward meeting their decarbonization, industrial competitiveness and energy security goals, according to official analysis. The 27-member bloc had 101 operational nuclear power reactors, with a combined capacity of 98 gigawatts electric (GWe), as of last year, the European Commission said. These are spread across 12 member states: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, the Netherlands, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden. In 2023 the units supplied 22.8 percent of the EU’s electricity generation. Three more reactors are under construction: one in Slovakia (Mochovce 4) and two in Hungary (Paks II), according to the Commission. While the EU’s top economy, Germany, shut down its three remaining nuclear power plants in April 2023, the new German government signaled it would drop its opposition to nuclear power, according to a Reuters report May 20, 2025, citing a French official. The estimated investment need, EUR 241 billion in present-value terms, is based on generation gaps identified in National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). The estimate, a “base case scenario”, accounts for the existing fleet, ongoing constructions and planned newbuilds. Additional investment is needed for small modular reactors (SMRs), advanced modular reactors (AMRs) and microreactors, the Commission said, though it did not quantify the investment need. Newbuild projects account for EUR 205 billion. Lifetime extensions would need EUR 36 billion, according to the Commission. In the base case scenario, the Commission projects an increase in nuclear generation capacity to 109 GWe in 2050, assuming at least some of the existing reactors extend their operating life beyond 60 years and planned newbuild reactors are delivered on time. “The Commission estimates that over 90 percent of electricity in the EU in 2040 will

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Next-gen AI chips will draw 15,000W each, redefining power, cooling, and data center design

“Dublin imposed a 2023 moratorium on new data centers, Frankfurt has no new capacity expected before 2030, and Singapore has just 7.2 MW available,” said Kasthuri Jagadeesan, Research Director at Everest Group, highlighting the dire situation. Electricity: the new bottleneck in AI RoI As AI modules push infrastructure to its limits, electricity is becoming a critical driver of return on investment. “Electricity has shifted from a line item in operational overhead to the defining factor in AI project feasibility,” Gogia noted. “Electricity costs now constitute between 40–60% of total Opex in modern AI infrastructure, both cloud and on-prem.” Enterprises are now forced to rethink deployment strategies—balancing control, compliance, and location-specific power rates. Cloud hyperscalers may gain further advantage due to better PUE, renewable access, and energy procurement models. “A single 15,000-watt module running continuously can cost up to $20,000 annually in electricity alone, excluding cooling,” said Manish Rawat, analyst at TechInsights. “That cost structure forces enterprises to evaluate location, usage models, and platform efficiency like never before.” The silicon arms race meets the power ceiling AI chip innovation is hitting new milestones, but the cost of that performance is no longer just measured in dollars or FLOPS — it’s in kilowatts. The KAIST TeraLab roadmap demonstrates that power and heat are becoming dominant factors in compute system design. The geography of AI, as several experts warn, is shifting. Power-abundant regions such as the Nordics, the Midwest US, and the Gulf states are becoming magnets for data center investments. Regions with limited grid capacity face a growing risk of becoming “AI deserts.”

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Edge reality check: What we’ve learned about scaling secure, smart infrastructure

Enterprises are pushing cloud resources back to the edge after years of centralization. Even as major incumbents such as Google, Microsoft, and AWS pull more enterprise workloads into massive, centralized hyperscalers, use cases at the edge increasingly require nearby infrastructure—not a long hop to a centralized data center—to take advantage of the torrents of real-time data generated by IoT devices, sensor networks, smart vehicles, and a panoply of newly connected hardware. Not long ago, the enterprise edge was a physical one. The central data center was typically located in or very near the organization’s headquarters. When organizations sought to expand their reach, they wanted to establish secure, speedy connections to other office locations, such as branches, providing them with fast and reliable access to centralized computing resources. Vendors initially sold MPLS, WAN optimization, and SD-WAN as “branch office solutions,” after all. Lesson one: Understand your legacy before locking in your future The networking model that connects centralized cloud resources to the edge via some combination of SD-WAN, MPLS, or 4G reflects a legacy HQ-branch design. However, for use cases such as facial recognition, gaming, or video streaming, old problems are new again. Latency, middle-mile congestion, and the high cost of bandwidth all undermine these real-time edge use cases.

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Cisco capitalizes on Isovalent buy, unveils new load balancer

The customer deploys the Isovalent Load Balancer control plane via automation and configures the desired number of virtual load-balancer appliances, Graf said. “The control plane automatically deploys virtual load-balancing appliances via the virtualization or Kubernetes platform. The load-balancing layer is self-healing and supports auto-scaling, which means that I can replace unhealthy instances and scale out as needed. The load balancer supports powerful L3-L7 load balancing with enterprise capabilities,” he said. Depending on the infrastructure the load balancer is deployed into, the operator will deploy the load balancer using familiar deployment methods. In a data center, this will be done using a standard virtualization automation installation such as Terraform or Ansible. In the public cloud, the load balancer is deployed as a public cloud service. In Kubernetes and OpenShift, the load balancer is deployed as a Kubernetes Deployment/Operator, Graf said.  “In the future, the Isovalent Load Balancer will also be able to run on top of Cisco Nexus smart switches,” Graf said. “This means that the Isovalent Load Balancer can run in any environment, from data center, public cloud, to Kubernetes while providing a consistent load-balancing layer with a frictionless cloud-native developer experience.” Cisco has announced a variety of smart switches over the past couple of months on the vendor’s 4.8T capacity Silicon One chip. But the N9300, where Isovalent would run, includes a built-in programmable data processing unit (DPU) from AMD to offload complex data processing work and free up the switches for AI and large workload processing. For customers, the Isovalent Load Balancer provides consistent load balancing across infrastructure while being aligned with Kubernetes as the future for infrastructure. “A single load-balancing solution that can run in the data center, in public cloud, and modern Kubernetes environments. This removes operational complexity, lowers cost, while modernizing the load-balancing infrastructure in preparation

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Oracle’s struggle with capacity meant they made the difficult but responsible decisions

IDC President Crawford Del Prete agreed, and said that Oracle senior management made the right move, despite how difficult the situation is today. “Oracle is being incredibly responsible here. They don’t want to have a lot of idle capacity. That capacity does have a shelf life,” Del Prete said. CEO Katz “is trying to be extremely precise about how much capacity she puts on.” Del Prete said that, for the moment, Oracle’s capacity situation is unique to the company, and has not been a factor with key rivals AWS, Microsoft, and Google. During the investor call, Katz said that her team “made engineering decisions that were much different from the other hyperscalers and that were better suited to the needs of enterprise customers, resulting in lower costs to them and giving them deployment flexibility.” Oracle management certainly anticipated a flurry of orders, but Katz said that she chose to not pay for expanded capacity until she saw finalized “contracted noncancelable bookings.” She pointed to a huge capex line of $9.1 billion and said, “the vast majority of our capex investments are for revenue generating equipment that is going into data centers and not for land or buildings.”

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Winners and losers in the Top500 supercomputer ranking

GPU winner: AMD AMD is finally making a showing for itself, albeit modestly, in GPU accelerators. For the June 2025 edition of the list, AMD Instinct accelerators are in 23 systems, a nice little jump from the 10 systems on the June 2024 list. Of course, it helps with the sales pitch when AMD processors and coprocessors can be found powering the No. 1 and No. 2 supercomputers in the world. GPU loser: Intel Intel’s GPU efforts have been a disaster. It failed to make a dent in the consumer space with its Arc GPUs, and it isn’t making much headway in the data center, either. There were only four systems running GPU Max processors on the list, and that’s up from three a year ago. Still, it’s pitiful showing given the effort Intel made. Server winners: HPE, Dell, EVIDAN, Nvidia The four server vendors — servers, not component makers — all saw share increases. Nvidia is also a server vendor, selling its SuperPOD AI servers directly to customers. They all gained at the expense of Lenovo and Arm. Server loser: Lenovo It saw the sharpest drop in server share, going from 163 systems in June of 2024 to 136 in this most recent listing. Loser: Arm Other than the 13 Nvidia Grace chips, the ARM architecture was completely absent from this spring’s list.

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Micron joins HBM4 race with 36GB 12-high stack, eyes AI and data center dominance

Race to power the next generation of AI By shipping samples of the HMB4 to the key customers, Micron has joined SK hynix in the HBM4 race. In March this year, SK hynix shipped the 12-Layer HBM4 samples to customers. SK hynix’s HBM4 has implemented bandwidth capable of processing more than 2TB of data per second, processing data equivalent to more than 400 full-HD movies (5GB each) in a second, said the company. “HBM competitive landscape, SK hynix has already sampled and secured approval of HBM4 12-high stack memory early Q1’2025 to NVIDIA for its next generation Rubin product line and plans to mass produce HBM4 in 2H 2025,” said Danish Faruqui, CEO, Fab Economics. “Closely following, Micron is pending Nvidia’s tests for its latest HBM4 samples, and Micron plans to mass produce HBM4 in 1H 2026. On the other hand, the last contender, Samsung is struggling with Yield Ramp on HBM4 Technology Development stage, and so has to delay the customer samples milestones to Nvidia and other players while it earlier shared an end of 2025 milestone for mass producing HBM4.” Faruqui noted another key differentiator among SK hynix, Micron, and Samsung: the base die that anchors the 12-high DRAM stack. For the first time, both SK hynix and Samsung have introduced a logic-enabled base die on 3nm and 4nm process technology to enable HBM4 product for efficient and faster product performance via base logic-driven memory management. Both Samsung and SK hynix rely on TSMC for the production of their logic-enabled base die. However, it remains unclear whether Micron is using a logic base die, as the company lacks in-house capability to fabricate at 3nm.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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