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Perma-Pipe Bags $27 Million Contracts in Americas, MENA

Perma-Pipe International Holdings has landed a significant $27 million+ haul of new contracts spanning the Americas and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, indicating robust demand for specialized pipeline solutions, the company said. The contracts include Perma-Pipe’s anti-corrosion technology and high-performance XTRU-THERM insulation system, a spray-applied polyurethane foam jacketed in a rugged high-density polyethylene […]

Perma-Pipe International Holdings has landed a significant $27 million+ haul of new contracts spanning the Americas and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, indicating robust demand for specialized pipeline solutions, the company said.

The contracts include Perma-Pipe’s anti-corrosion technology and high-performance XTRU-THERM insulation system, a spray-applied polyurethane foam jacketed in a rugged high-density polyethylene casing.

The company said in a press release it has secured multiple awards to provide anticorrosion coating services for the oil and gas markets in Western Canada and the UAE. In the United States and Saudi Arabia, Perma-Pipe will deliver double-containment and pre-insulated piping solutions for data center and industrial expansion projects under multiple contracts.

“These major project awards reflect the increasing demand for Perma-Pipe’s solutions. This demand is being fueled by market growth in data centers, rising investments in pharmaceuticals and industrial sectors, and the expansion of midstream energy projects”, Marc Huber, Senior Vice President of Perma-Pipe’s Americas region, stated.

“Our strategic product diversification and geographical expansion have been vital in driving this growth, opening new markets, and ensuring our continued success”, Saleh Sagr, President, added.

“We are excited about these new awards, as they mark key milestones for the Company and further complement an already strong backlog position for the coming year”, David Mansfield, CEO, commented. “These projects not only showcase the strength of our solutions but also play a strategic role in advancing our position within the market”.

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Microsoft releases out-of-band updates to fix reporting error

“The issue is that the setting to audit logon and logoff events may be disabled (set to ‘no auditing’) and yet still produce log entries for events of this type,” explained Fred Chagnon, principal research director at Info-Tech Research Group. “These events are triggered by users or devices authenticating to

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OPEC Cuts Oil Demand Forecast for 2025 and 2026 on Trade War

OPEC cut forecasts for global oil demand growth slightly this year and next as President Donald Trump’s tariff onslaught takes a toll on consumption, while remaining more bullish than other forecasters. The cartel lowered demand growth projections for 2025 and 2026 by about 100,000 barrels a day, projecting an expansion of 1.3 million barrels a day — or approximately 1% — for each year, according to a report from its secretariat in Vienna. Despite the downgrades, the estimates from OPEC remain considerably higher than many others in the industry — a recurring feature of its research. The US government’s Energy Information Administration slashed its 2025 growth figure by 30% last week to 900,000 barrels a day, while Goldman Sachs Group Inc. anticipates sees consumption rising by 500,000 barrels a day. OPEC leader Saudi Arabia has made surprising use of the market slump, steering the group and its allies to accelerate planned production increases in an effort to sink crude prices and make wayward members abide by their output quotas. Oil futures are trading near $65 a barrel in London after plunging to a four-year low last week.   The report published on Monday helps explain the source of Riyadh’s ire. Kazakhstan, despite saying it had held talks with international oil companies to rein in supplies, increased production once again. Its output rose 37,000 barrels a day last month to an average of 1.852 million barrels a day. That’s 422,000 barrels a day more than the level it had pledged to pump, both exceeding its quota and failing to make compensation cuts that were supposed to start offsetting months of cheating. Astana still appears to have made little headway in complying this month, people familiar with the matter said last week. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries has misfired in its demand projections in

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Oil Prices Flat Amid Trade and Iran Talks

Oil held steady as traders weighed the latest US moves in the global trade war, as well as the prospect of looser restrictions on Iranian crude. West Texas Intermediate settled little changed near $61.50 a barrel, and Brent held below $65. While equities rallied after US President Donald Trump paused import duties on some electronics, fresh data revealing that American consumers see higher inflation in the year ahead weighed on oil futures. The US and Iran met on Saturday for nuclear talks that both sides described as constructive, raising the possibility of higher oil volumes from the OPEC member. Weekend talks in Oman marked the first top-level engagement since 2022 and signaled a renewed effort to resolve a years-long standoff over the country’s nuclear program. Both sides agreed to meet again. On the demand side, traders are grappling with a rapidly evolving outlook. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries slashed its projections for annual consumption growth by about 100,000 barrels a day, following a larger cut by the US Energy Information Administration. More banks also reduced their price forecasts, with JPMorgan Chase & Co. now seeing Brent at $66 this year. Crude has been dragged down in April as the trade war — especially the confrontation between the US and China — stokes fears of a global recession that would hurt energy demand. A surprise OPEC+ decision to bring back shuttered output more quickly than expected has added to the bearishness. “While the market has already priced in some future inventory builds, we expect large surpluses,” Goldman Sachs Group Inc. analysts including Daan Struyven said in a note, estimating a glut of 800,000 barrels a day this year. Brent is expected to average $63 over the rest of 2025, they said. Oil’s losses this month have formed part of

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Aberdeen’s RSD acquired by Grandholm in six-figure deal

Grandholm Production Services has acquired Aberdeen-based RSD Supplies and Services in a six-figure deal. The Aberdeen “rope, soap and dope” provider of consumables to clients in the on and offshore energy industry, both in the UK and internationally, was set up in 1999. Based in Glasgow, Grandholm owns and operates Bundy Refrigeration, an  international business manufacturing heat transfer cooling components. The firm acquired the business in 2018 from Sun Capital Partners. Grandholm also owns Vantage Tags, a specialist business supplying bespoke tags for safety critical sectors. It has a base in Westhill and Bellshill near Glasgow. RSD will become RSD Vantage with an expanded portfolio of products, including tags. Customers will also benefit from access to Grandholm’s international operations in Brazil, Turkey, Italy, Germany, and Hungary. According to RSD’s most recent accounts, the firm employed seven people at its base at Poynernook Road. Grandholm said the acquisition “ensures job security for all RSD employees”. Merging its team with Vantage Tags’ staff brings the total number of employees to ten. Sarah Colville, who took over as director of the firm in 2023 following the death of founder director Robert Cowie, said the deal will “safeguard the future of the business and provide a platform on which to grow”. She added: ‘This acquisition represents a natural progression for RSD and by joining forces with Grandholm, we’re not just expanding our international reach, but creating a more comprehensive service offering that will better meet the evolving needs of our clients.’ The company will be managed by Chris McGeehan Jnr, a contracts and procurement specialist with experience in the oil and gas and geotechnical drilling sectors. McGeehan said: ‘In our meetings as a safety tags supplier, procurement departments were asking if we could source a broader range of products. While we could do that, we

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Latin America’s Largest Solar Plant With Battery Storage Commissioned

ContourGlobal commissioned the Quillagua plant, located in the municipality of María Elena, in the Antofagasta region of Chile. The 221 Megawatt peak (MWp) photovoltaic solar plant, with a 1.2 Gigawatt hour (GWh) battery storage system is capable of delivering 200 MW for 6.2 hours after sunset, ContourGlobal said in a media release. This milestone signifies the last phase before launching commercial operations in the upcoming weeks and initiating the fulfillment of its long-term clean energy purchase agreement (PPA), which guarantees the provision of solar energy during the night while also sending any excess to the commercial market, the company said. “We are proud to begin operations at Quillagua months ahead of schedule, bringing the sun’s energy at night, and to share this moment with our partners, the community, and local institutions and authorities”, Antonio Cammisecra, Global CEO of ContourGlobal, said. Cammisecra highlighted that integrating long-duration batteries is crucial for stabilizing the grid and managing excess daytime supply and peak demand. The company is committed to Chile and is exploring wind energy to diversify its approach to meet the country’s energy needs. Quillagua is part of a larger project that includes the Victor Jara plant in Tarapacá, which will provide 231 MWp of solar energy and 1.3 GWh of battery storage, set to open ahead of schedule in the second half of the year, the company said. The two projects boast a combined capacity of 452 MWp solar and 2.5 GWh of battery storage, acquired last year by ContourGlobal, marking the U.S. firm’s entry into Chile. Once operational, this portfolio will generate about 1,300 GWh annually, establishing ContourGlobal as a major renewable player in Chile, where it aims to expand its investments, Contour Global said. This inauguration positions Chile as a leader in utilizing solar energy from its regions and the

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US DOE Makes First HALEU Commitments to Five Nuclear Developers

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) shortlisted five U.S. nuclear developers who could receive high-assay low-enriched uranium (HALEU) to meet their near-term fuel needs. According to the DOE, this first round of HALEU allocations brings innovative American nuclear technologies one step closer to commercialization and will expand the use of nuclear energy. “Allocating this HALEU material will help U.S. nuclear developers deploy their advanced reactors with materials sourced from secure supply chains, marking an important step forward in President Trump’s program to revitalize America’s nuclear sector”, Chris Wright, U.S. Energy Secretary, said.   The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has addressed the critical need for High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU) in advanced nuclear reactor development, acknowledging the current absence of domestic HALEU suppliers. Recognizing HALEU’s role in enabling more compact, efficient, and longer-lasting reactor designs, the DOE established an allocation process to distribute HALEU from its sources, including the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Following requests from 15 companies, the DOE has selected five, meeting its prioritization criteria, to receive HALEU. Notably, three of these companies require fuel delivery in 2025. The five companies that received conditional commitments are: TRISO-X, LLC, Kairos Power, LLC, Radiant Industries, Inc., Westinghouse Electric Company, LLC, and TerraPower, LLC. The designated HALEU will benefit the recipients of the Advanced Reactor Demonstration Program (ARDP) Pathway 1 awards, companies looking to test in the DOME test bed, and certain ARDP risk reduction awardees, underlining the DOE’s dedication to industry collaboration. Moving forward, the DOE said it will begin the contracting process to distribute the material to five companies, with some expected to receive their HALEU as soon as this fall. The allocation process remains in progress, and the DOE intends to extend HALEU allocations to more companies in the future. The first round of conditional commitments of HALEU

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North America Loses Rigs for 6 Straight Weeks

North America cut 22 rigs week on week, according to Baker Hughes’ latest North America rotary rig count, which was released on April 11. The total U.S. rig count decreased by seven week on week and the total Canada rig count decreased by 15 during the same timeframe, taking the total North America rig count down to 721, comprising 583 rigs from the U.S. and 138 from Canada, the count outlined. Of the total U.S. rig count of 583, 567 rigs are categorized as land rigs, 13 are categorized as offshore rigs, and three are categorized as inland water rigs. The total U.S. rig count is made up of 480 oil rigs, 97 gas rigs, and six miscellaneous rigs, according to the count, which revealed that the U.S. total comprises 523 horizontal rigs, 46 directional rigs, and 14 vertical rigs. Week on week, the U.S. land rig count dropped by six, its offshore rig count dropped by one, and its inland water rig count remained unchanged, the count highlighted. The U.S. oil rig count dropped by nine, and its gas and miscellaneous rig counts each increased by one, week on week, the count showed. Baker Hughes’ count revealed that the U.S. horizontal rig count dropped by six, its directional rig count dropped by two, and its vertical rig count increased by one, week on week. A major state variances subcategory included in the rig count showed that, week on week, Texas dropped three rigs, West Virginia and California each dropped two rigs, and New Mexico dropped one rig. Pennsylvania added one rig week on week, according to the rig count. A major basin variances subcategory included in Baker Hughes’ rig count showed that the Permian basin dropped five rigs, and the Marcellus, Eagle Ford, and Cana Woodford basins each dropped

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Keysight tools tackle data center deployment efficiency

Test and performance measurement vendor Keysight Technologies has developed Keysight Artificial Intelligence (KAI) to identify performance inhibitors affecting large GPU deployments. It emulates workload profiles, rather than using actual resources, to pinpoint performance bottlenecks. Scaling AI data centers requires testing throughout the design and build process – every chip, cable, interconnect, switch, server, and GPU needs to be validated, Keysight says. From the physical layer through the application layer, KAI is designed to identify weak links that degrade the performance of AI data centers, and it validates and optimizes system-level performance for optimal scaling and throughput. AI providers, semiconductor fabricators, and network equipment manufacturers can use KAI to accelerate design, development, deployment, and operations by pinpointing performance issues before deploying in production.

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U.S. Advances AI Data Center Push with RFI for Infrastructure on DOE Lands

ORNL is also the home of the Center for Artificial Intelligence Security Research (CAISER), which Edmon Begoli, CAISER founding director, described as being in place to build the security necessary by defining a new field of AI research targeted at fighting future AI security risks. Also, at the end of 2024, Google partner Kairos Power started construction of their Hermes demonstration SMR in Oak Ridge. Hermes is a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) that uses triso-fueled pebbles and a molten fluoride salt coolant (specifically Flibe, a mix of lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride). This demonstration reactor is expected to be online by 2027, with a production level system becoming available in the 2030 timeframe. Also located in a remote area of Oak Ridge is the Tennessee Valley Clinch River project, where the TVA announced a signed agreement with GE-Hitachi to plan and license a BWRX-300 small modular reactor (SMR). On Integrating AI and Energy Production The foregoing are just examples of ongoing projects at the sites named by the DOE’s RFI. Presuming that additional industry power, utility, and data center providers get on board with these locations, any of the 16 could be the future home of AI data centers and on-site power generation. The RFI marks a pivotal step in the U.S. government’s strategy to solidify its global dominance in AI development and energy innovation. By leveraging the vast resources and infrastructure of its national labs and research sites, the DOE is positioning the country to meet the enormous power and security demands of next-generation AI technologies. The selected locations, already home to critical energy research and cutting-edge supercomputing, present a compelling opportunity for industry stakeholders to collaborate on building integrated, sustainable AI data centers with dedicated energy production capabilities. With projects like Oak Ridge’s pioneering SMRs and advanced AI security

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Generac Sharpens Focus on Data Center Power with Scalable Diesel and Natural Gas Generators

In a digital economy defined by constant uptime and explosive compute demand, power reliability is more than a design criterion—it’s a strategic imperative. In response to such demand, Generac Power Systems, a company long associated with residential backup and industrial emergency power, is making an assertive move into the heart of the digital infrastructure sector with a new portfolio of high-capacity generators engineered for the data center market. Unveiled this week, Generac’s new lineup includes five generators ranging from 2.25 MW to 3.25 MW. These units are available in both diesel and natural gas configurations, and form part of a broader suite of multi-asset energy systems tailored to hyperscale, colocation, enterprise, and edge environments. The product introductions expand Generac’s commercial and industrial capabilities, building on decades of experience with mission-critical power in hospitals, telecom, and manufacturing, now optimized for the scale and complexity of modern data centers. “Coupled with our expertise in designing generators specific to a wide variety of industries and uses, this new line of generators is designed to meet the most rigorous standards for performance, packaging, and after-treatment specific to the data center market,” said Ricardo Navarro, SVP & GM, Global Telecom and Data Centers, Generac. Engineering for the Demands of Digital Infrastructure Each of the five new generators is designed for seamless integration into complex energy ecosystems. Generac is emphasizing modularity, emissions compliance, and high-ambient operability as central to the offering, reflecting a deep understanding of the real-world challenges facing data center operators today. The systems are built around the Baudouin M55 engine platform, which is engineered for fast transient response and high operating temperatures—key for data center loads that swing sharply under AI and cloud workloads. The M55’s high-pressure common rail fuel system supports low NOx emissions and Tier 4 readiness, aligning with the most

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CoolIT and Accelsius Push Data Center Liquid Cooling Limits Amid Soaring Rack Densities

The CHx1500’s construction reflects CoolIT’s 24 years of DLC experience, using stainless-steel piping and high-grade wetted materials to meet the rigors of enterprise and hyperscale data centers. It’s also designed to scale: not just for today’s most power-hungry processors, but for future platforms expected to surpass today’s limits. Now available for global orders, CoolIT is offering full lifecycle support in over 75 countries, including system design, installation, CDU-to-server certification, and maintenance services—critical ingredients as liquid cooling shifts from high-performance niche to a requirement for AI infrastructure at scale. Capex Follows Thermals: Dell’Oro Forecast Signals Surge In Cooling and Rack Power Infrastructure Between Accelsius and CoolIT, the message is clear: direct liquid cooling is stepping into its maturity phase, with products engineered not just for performance, but for mass deployment. Still, technology alone doesn’t determine the pace of adoption. The surge in thermal innovation from Accelsius and CoolIT isn’t happening in a vacuum. As the capital demands of AI infrastructure rise, the industry is turning a sharper eye toward how data center operators account for, prioritize, and report their AI-driven investments. To wit: According to new market data from Dell’Oro Group, the transition toward high-power, high-density AI racks is now translating into long-term investment shifts across the data center physical layer. Dell’Oro has raised its forecast for the Data Center Physical Infrastructure (DCPI) market, predicting a 14% CAGR through 2029, with total revenue reaching $61 billion. That revision stems from stronger-than-expected 2024 results, particularly in the adoption of accelerated computing by both Tier 1 and Tier 2 cloud service providers. The research firm cited three catalysts for the upward adjustment: Accelerated server shipments outpaced expectations. Demand for high-power infrastructure is spreading to smaller hyperscalers and regional clouds. Governments and Tier 1 telecoms are joining the buildout effort, reinforcing AI as a

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Podcast: Nomads at the Frontier – AI, Infrastructure, and Data Center Workforce Evolution at DCD Connect New York

The 25th anniversary of the latest Data Center Dynamics event in New York City last month (DCD Connect NY 2025) brought record-breaking attendance, underscoring the accelerating pace of change in the digital infrastructure sector. At the heart of the discussions were evolving AI workloads, power and cooling challenges, and the crucial role of workforce development. Welcoming Data Center Frontier at their show booth were Phill Lawson-Shanks of Aligned Data Centers and Phillip Koblence of NYI, who are respectively managing director and co-founder of the Nomad Futurist Foundation. Our conversation spanned the pressing issues shaping the industry, from the feasibility of AI factories to the importance of community-driven talent pipelines. AI Factories: Power, Cooling, and the Road Ahead One of the hottest topics in the industry is how to support the staggering energy demands of AI workloads. Reflecting on NVIDIA’s latest announcements at GTC, including the potential of a 600-kilowatt rack, Lawson-Shanks described the challenges of accommodating such density. While 120-130 kW racks are manageable today, scaling beyond 300 kW will require rethinking power distribution methods—perhaps moving power sleds outside of cabinets or shifting to medium-voltage delivery. Cooling is another major concern. Beyond direct-to-chip liquid cooling, air cooling still plays a role, particularly for DIMMs, NICs, and interconnects. However, advances in photonics, such as shared laser fiber interconnects, could reduce switch power consumption, marking a potential turning point in energy efficiency. “From our perspective, AI factories are highly conceivable,” said Lawson-Shanks. “But we’re going to see hybridization for a while—clients will want to run cloud infrastructure alongside inference workloads. The market needs flexibility.” Connectivity and the Role of Tier-1 Cities Koblence emphasized the continuing relevance of major connectivity hubs like New York City in an AI-driven world. While some speculate that dense urban markets may struggle to accommodate hyperscale AI workloads,

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2025 Data Center Power Poll

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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