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Phillips 66 Seals Acquisition of EPIC Midstream Assets

Phillips 66 has completed the acquisition of EPIC Y-Grade GP LLC and EPIC Y-Grade LP for about $2.2 billion, boosting its midstream footprint in the Permian Basin. The units, bought from EPIC Midstream Holdings LP, own natural gas liquids (NGL) pipelines, fractionation facilities and distribution systems. “This transaction strengthens our position as a leading integrated […]

Phillips 66 has completed the acquisition of EPIC Y-Grade GP LLC and EPIC Y-Grade LP for about $2.2 billion, boosting its midstream footprint in the Permian Basin.

The units, bought from EPIC Midstream Holdings LP, own natural gas liquids (NGL) pipelines, fractionation facilities and distribution systems.

“This transaction strengthens our position as a leading integrated downstream energy provider”, Don Baldridge, Phillips 66 executive vice president for midstream and chemicals, said in a company statement. “We are evolving our portfolio and enhancing our ability to provide seamless and efficient delivery of energy products.

“Phillips 66 will offer producers unparalleled flow assurance, while advancing a strategy that is expected to deliver attractive returns and create long-term value for our shareholders”.

The acquired operations comprise two fractionators with a capacity of170,000 barrels per day (bpd) near Corpus Christi, Texas; purity distribution pipelines stretching about 350 miles; and an NGL pipeline around 885 miles long and with a capacity of 175,000 bpd. The NGL pipeline links the Delaware, Midland and Eagle Ford basins to the fractionation complexes and Phillips 66’s Sweeny Hub, which has facilities for crude distilling, naphtha reforming, fluid catalytic cracking, alkylation and hydrodesulfurization, as well as aromatics units, a vacuum distillation unit and a delayed coking unit.

The pipeline capacity is being raised to 225,000 bpd, in a project expected to be completed in the second quarter. A further expansion has also been sanctioned to grow the capacity to 350,000 bpd; completion is expected 2026. EPIC has also put in place plans to raise the fractionation capacity to 280,000 bpd.

“The acquired assets connect Permian production to Gulf Coast refiners, petrochemical companies and export markets, and are highly integrated with the Phillips 66 asset base”, Phillips 66 said.

Announcing the agreement January 6, the company said, “Phillips 66 does not expect to increase its recently announced 2025 capital program in connection with that expansion”.

On December 16, 2024, the Houston, Texas-based downstream oil and gas company announced $2.1 billion in capital for 2025, comprising $1.1 billion for growth and $998 million for sustaining capital.

Phillips 66 expects the acquisition to be “immediately accretive to earnings per share”.

Before the EPIC agreement, Phillips 66 exceeded a $3 billion divestment plan meant to support its shareholder return target and other long-term priorities.

“We intend to continue to optimize the portfolio and rationalize non-core assets going forward”, chair and chief executive Mark Lashier said in a statement December 16, 2024, announcing an agreement to divest DCP GCX Pipeline LLC, which owns a 25 percent non-operating stake in the Gulf Coast Express Pipeline, to ArcLight Capital Partners LLC. “The evolution of our portfolio underscores our position as a leading integrated downstream energy provider, enhancing shareholder value and positioning the company for the future”.

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ServiceNow to acquire Logik.ai to boost CRM portfolio

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New Relic simplifies Kubernetes performance monitoring

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Aker BP, SLB, Stimwell Extend Alliance for Five More Years

Aker BP ASA has extended its alliance agreement with SLB (Schlumberger Limited) and Stimwell Services Ltd. for another five years. The alliance formed in 2019 has supported Aker BP’s operated assets in meeting production targets. Aker BP said in a media release the alliance will work on further accelerating and boosting oil production. The alliance has established new standards for safe, efficient, and cost-effective operations through collaboration, digitalization, and innovative technology, according to Aker BP. Key achievements include simultaneous operations with jack-up rigs, a decreased backlog of locked-in barrels, and the first-ever autonomous intervention operation globally. Currently, both planning and execution utilize digital workflows, leading to enhanced productivity, reduced risk, and higher success rates, the company said. “Strategic partnerships are essential to shaping the future of our industry. At Aker BP, we remain committed to the alliance model, which creates value through long-term collaboration. It enables us to increase productivity, maintain world-class performance, and deliver oil and gas with low cost and low emissions. This is how we position ourselves as the E&P company of the future”, Aker BP CEO Karl Johnny Hersvik said. The alliance strategy aims to transform offshore well intervention.  Over the next five years, the partners aim to deliver top-quartile performance while developing future-proof capabilities, enhancing digital integration between subsurface and operations, expanding Aker BP’s Integrated Operations Centre for remote operations, and accelerating new technology deployment, Aker BP added. Furthermore, the alliance will focus on bringing wells onstream across Aker BP’s projects, using a newly upgraded stimulation vessel to optimize the Valhall PWP wells, contributing significantly to future production. “Increasing production and recovery from maturing assets is a top priority across the industry, and this alliance demonstrates how we can drive progress together through the power of partnership. The complex challenges facing our industry will increasingly

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BP chairman Helge Lund to step down

BP chairman Helge Lund has announced his plans to step down from his position. The company’s board of directors has initiated a succession process to select a new chair, with the succession process being led by Amanda Blanc in her capacity as senior independent director. Although a timeline for Lund’s resignation was not established, BP said it would most likely be during 2026. Until then, Lund will work with the successful candidate for his replacement to ensure an orderly transition ahead of taking on the role of chair. Whilst this succession process progresses, the board’s focus will remain on overseeing management’s delivery of the new strategy and this will continue to be their key priority under the new chair. Lund said: “Having fundamentally reset our strategy, BP’s focus now is on delivering the strategy at pace, improving performance and growing shareholder value. “Now is the right time to start the process to find my successor and enable an orderly and seamless handover. The board and I are committed to supporting Murray and his team, and to overseeing bp’s delivery of its strategic and financial objectives as we set out in our recent Capital Markets Update.” Lund has held the position of BP chairman since 2019, having served with three CEOs – Bob Dudley, Bernard Looney, and the current chief executive Murray Auchincloss. His last few years as chairman have been marked by BP committing, then rowing back on its climate commitments. Amid tighter economic conditions, BP’s investors have been looking for the company to refocus on its core oil and gas operations to boost revenues and share prices. This includes selling its lubricants business Castrol and divesting 50% of its solar business Lightsource BP. Amanda Blanc added: “We are starting a comprehensive search to identify chair candidates with the credibility

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DeepOcean scores Vattenfall offshore wind O&M contract

Norwegian ocean services provider DeepOcean will support Vattenfall’s European offshore wind farms with operations and maintenance on subsea cables. Under a new series of framework agreements, DeepOcean will provide a range of services, including project management, engineering, pre-installation surveys, offshore transportation of cables, trenching, cable installation and jointing, termination and testing, post-installation surveys, plus recovery and disposal of damaged cables. The deals are valid for four years and cover Vattenfall’s operating assets in Denmark, the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Vattenfall’s UK offshore wind farms include three projects in Kent, Thanet, Kentish Flats and Kentish Flats Extension, the Ormonde offshore wind farm in the Irish Sea, and the Aberdeen offshore wind farm. In addition, the company is part of the Muir Mhòr floating project, along with Fred Olsen Seawind, which will be located off the east coast of Scotland. DeepOcean CEO Øyvind Mikaelsen said: “We welcome the opportunity to support Vattenfall’s generation of renewable energy through this framework agreements. We have over 25 years’ experience in subsea installation and inspection, maintenance and repair (IMR) work.” DeepOcean, which has a branch in Aberdeen, will utilise its personnel in Norway and the UK to perform the work. The company added that a first call-off under the agreement has already been done, with DeepOcean performing O&M work at an unspecified one of Vattenfall’s European offshore wind farm. The group mobilised the subsea vessel Olympic Ares, which was converted with cable lay equipment and a jet trencher onboard, for the scope and future offshore renewables assignments. Vattenfall head of generation Pavlo Malyshenko added: “With a substantial asset base in offshore wind and a promising long-term project pipeline, we have historically enjoyed strong relationships with our suppliers and industry. “This partnership with DeepOcean aligns with our mission to deliver reliable, and cost-effective energy solutions

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Are oil and gas headwinds softening in M&A?

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WATCH: Anasuria workers question career longevity due to EPL impact

A man working in the North Sea left the oil and gas industry due to a lack of career certainty, Anasuria Operating Company (AOC) boss Richard Beatie told Energy Voice. Speaking of the man whose picture is still framed in AOC’s Aberdeen office, Beatie said: “This was one of our great guys, there he is in his mid-thirties, he’d been on the asset since he left school, basically, and went to college and came on. “He loved the asset, loved the job, but was at that point where he started to think ‘I’m in my thirties now, I don’t know if there is a future for me in the oil and gas industry’ and he actually left the oil and gas industry to move into another industry.” According to the Anasuria boss, the man left the North Sea with the mindset that “he’s young enough now that maybe he can reset his career and he still has long enough to progress in that.” Beatie said that the story was “heartbreaking” despite the young man’s departure from AOC and life in the North Sea being “amicable”. “He feels that there’s no longevity for him, not in the asset because he feels like he could stay with us for another 10 years, or whatever, but then what? “He didn’t want in 10 or 15 years time, so okay, he’s 35, but he didn’t want to say at 50, where’s the industry going to be? So, he wanted to get ahead of it.” This was the first example of someone leaving oil and gas for this reason that Beatie saw; however, “we are starting to see people looking to that,” he warned. ‘I’m worrying that I might not have a job for the duration of my working life’ © Supplied by –The Anasuria

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North Sea merger mania: is ‘the writing is on the wall’?

“The writing is on the wall for the North Sea,” observed Amjad Bseisu, chief executive of operator EnQuest. Mergers such as that announced by Shell and Equinor and moves by North American firms Apache and Canadian Natural Resources (CNRL) to decommission their assets early and go back home represent a “pull back” from the basin, he said, as a result of the UK’s hostile fiscal environment. Bseisu was speaking the same day north sea rival Repsol revealed it was also joining the mania for mergers and acquisitions. The Madrid-headquartered firm announced it would be putting its UKCS assets into a new joint venture with Neo Energy, a small North Sea operator owned by Norwegian private equity firm, HitecVision. The new entity will be called Neo Next and will be 45% owned by Repsol and 55% owned by Neo. The tie up is yet another example of the tectonic shifts taking place in the North Sea as oil and gas producers grapple with attacks on fiscal, political and regulatory fronts: the Energy Profits Levy (EPL), the UK ban on new drilling and licensing and the long, fallow pause on guidance on how to assess emissions from of oil and gas used by consumers – known as “scope 3”. © BloombergA logo on the roof of a Repsol gas station in the Zona Franca district of Barcelona, Spain. The Repsol / Neo vehicle is the third major proposed merger after the so-called “Shequinor” deal, which will be the joint owner of the Rosebank and Jackdaw fields, and last year’s £754 million marriage of Israel’s Ithaca and Italy’s Eni. A fourth – which is set to be either confirmed or scrapped in coming days – is Serica’s plan to combine with EnQuest, which Bseisu declined to speak about before it was officially struck.

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Tariff war throws building of data centers into disarray

Forrester’s bottom line? “Because of the long term planning and all of the potential policy changes, I wouldn’t change my data center plans that much,” Nguyen said. Confusion reigns Every day it seems, the tariff situation becomes muddier. For example, according to a fact sheet released Wednesday, the White House has temporarily exempted semiconductors from tariffs, but not the aluminum used to build the servers and racks that house them. Furthermore, Scott Bickley, advisory fellow at the Info-Tech Research Group, said it is important to note how the various countries match with the various components. “Just about every major cost center for the buildout of a data center will be severely impacted by the new tariffs. Servers and hardware, including semiconductors, memory, network components, cabling, construction materials are going to see prices rise overnight once the tariffs go into effect,” Bickley said. “Consider that China, which has a 54% full tariff, is a major source of raw materials and rare earth elements essential for manufacturing DC components while Taiwan, at a 32% tariff rate, is the sole-source provider country for most advanced chipsets used in AI, cell phones, and any modern application footprint requiring high performance in a small footprint. South Korea (25% tariff) is a key provider of memory chips, while Japan (24%), Germany (20% EU rate), and the Netherlands (20% EU rate) are providers of sub-components like server racks, cooling systems, and semiconductor equipment.” But, he continued: “Now factor in the offshore/nearshore contract manufacturers like Mexico and Vietnam (46%) for electronics manufacturing (assembly and distribution) and Malaysia (10%) for semiconductor packaging, and it is clear to see that the complete technology supply chain leading into the data center will be taxed at multiple touchpoints.” Put all of that together and Info-Tech anticipates a lot of enterprise data center pain.

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New MLCommons benchmarks to test AI infrastructure performance

The latest release also broadens its scope beyond chatbot benchmarks. A new graph neural network (GNN) test targets datacenter-class hardware and is designed for workloads like fraud detection, recommendation engines, and knowledge graphs. It uses the RGAT model based on a graph dataset containing over 547 million nodes and 5.8 billion edges. Judging performance Analysts suggest that these benchmarks will make it easier to judge the performance of various hardware chips and clusters based on documented models. “As every chipmaker seeks to prove that its hardware is good enough to support AI, we now have a standard benchmark that shows the quality of question support, math, and coding skills associated with hardware,” said Hyoun Park, CEO and Chief Analyst at Amalgam Insights.  Chipmakers can now compete not just on traditional speeds and feeds, but in mathematical skill and informational accuracy. This benchmark provides a rare opportunity to add new performance standards on cross-vendor hardware, Park added. “The latency in terms of how quickly tokens are delivered and the time for the user to see the response is the deciding factor,” said Neil Shah, partner and co-founder at Counterpoint Research. “This is where players such as NVIDIA, AMD, and Intel have to get the software right to help developers optimize the models and bring out the best compute performance.” Benchmarking and buying decisions Independent benchmarks like those from MLCommons play a key role in helping buyers evaluate system performance, but relying on them alone may not provide the full picture.

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Potential Nvidia chip shortage looms as Chinese customers rush to beat US sales ban

Will it lead to shortages? The US first placed export controls on chips sent to China in October 2022 as a means to slow the country’s technological advances. It blocked the sale of Nvidia’s A100 and H100 chips, leading the company to develop the less powerful A800 and H800 chips for the market; they were also subsequently banned. There was a surge in demand for the H20 following the arrival of Chinese startup DeepSeek’s ultra low-cost, open-source AI model in January. And while the H20 is reported to be 15 times slower than Nvidia’s newest Blackwell chips sold elsewhere in the world, it was designed specifically by Nvidia to comply with the further US export controls introduced in October 2023. It is being used by Chinese companies for training, although it’s billed as an inference chip, explained Matt Kimball, VP and principal analyst for datacenter compute and storage at Moor Insights & Strategy. Should Nvidia choose to focus its efforts on manufacturing more of the chips, Kimball said he doesn’t think it will impact supply in the US and Europe, as Blackwell is the main product sold in those markets and H20 is an N-1 Hopper architecture chip. “If you take this a step further and ask whether this large order slows down the production of chips destined for the US and Europe, I’d say the answer is no, as the Hopper family is built on a different process node than the Blackwell family,” he said. Still, Kimball noted, “supply chain management is difficult, especially for smaller organizations that are put to the back of the line as hyperscalers with multibillion dollar orders are first in line for the newest [chips].”

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European cloud group invests to create what it dubs “Trump-proof cloud services”

But analysts have questioned whether the Microsoft move truly addresses those European business concerns. Phil Brunkard, executive counselor at Info-Tech Research Group UK, said, commenting on last month’s announcement of the EU Data Boundary for the Microsoft Cloud,  “Microsoft says that customer data will remain stored and processed in the EU and EFTA, but doesn’t guarantee true data sovereignty.” And European companies are now rethinking what data sovereignty means to them. They are moving beyond having it refer to where the data sits to focusing on which vendors control it, and who controls them. Responding to the new Euro cloud plan, another analyst, IDC VP Dave McCarthy, saw the effort as “signaling a growing European push for data control and independence.” “US providers could face tougher competition from EU companies that leverage this tech to offer sovereignty-friendly alternatives. Although €1 million isn’t a game-changer on its own, it’s a clear sign Europe wants to build its own cloud ecosystem—potentially at the expense of US market share,” McCarthy said. “For US providers, this could mean investing in more EU-based data centers or reconfiguring systems to ensure European customers’ data stays within the region. This isn’t just a compliance checkbox. It’s a shift that could hike operational costs and complexity, especially for companies used to running centralized setups.” Adding to the potential bad news for US hyperscalers, McCarthy said that there was little reason to believe that this trend would be limited to Europe. “If Europe pulls this off, other regions might take note and push for similar sovereignty rules. US providers could find themselves adapting to a patchwork of regulations worldwide, forcing a rethink of their global strategies,” McCarthy said. “This isn’t just a European headache, it’s a preview of what could become a broader challenge.”

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Talent gap complicates cost-conscious cloud planning

The top strategy so far is what one enterprise calls the “Cloud Team.” You assemble all your people with cloud skills, and your own best software architect, and have the team examine current and proposed cloud applications, looking for a high-level approach that meets business goals. In this process, the team tries to avoid implementation specifics, focusing instead on the notion that a hybrid application has an agile cloud side and a governance-and-sovereignty data center side, and what has to be done is push functionality into the right place. The Cloud Team supporters say that an experienced application architect can deal with the cloud in abstract, without detailed knowledge of cloud tools and costs. For example, the architect can assess the value of using an event-driven versus transactional model without fixating on how either could be done. The idea is to first come up with approaches. Then, developers could work with cloud providers to map each approach to an implementation, and assess the costs, benefits, and risks. Ok, I lied about this being the top strategy—sort of, at least. It’s the only strategy that’s making much sense. The enterprises all start their cloud-reassessment journey on a different tack, but they agree it doesn’t work. The knee-jerk approach to cloud costs is to attack the implementation, not the design. What cloud features did you pick? Could you find ones that cost less? Could you perhaps shed all the special features and just host containers or VMs with no web services at all? Enterprises who try this, meaning almost all of them, report that they save less than 15% on cloud costs, a rate of savings that means roughly a five-year payback on the costs of making the application changes…if they can make them at all. Enterprises used to build all of

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Lightmatter launches photonic chips to eliminate GPU idle time in AI data centers

“Silicon photonics can transform HPC, data centers, and networking by providing greater scalability, better energy efficiency, and seamless integration with existing semiconductor manufacturing and packaging technologies,” Jagadeesan added. “Lightmatter’s recent announcement of the Passage L200 co-packaged optics and M1000 reference platform demonstrates an important step toward addressing the interconnect bandwidth and latency between accelerators in AI data centers.” The market timing appears strategic, as enterprises worldwide face increasing computational demands from AI workloads while simultaneously confronting the physical limitations of traditional semiconductor scaling. Silicon photonics offers a potential path forward as conventional approaches reach their limits. Practical applications For enterprise IT leaders, Lightmatter’s technology could impact several key areas of infrastructure planning. AI development teams could see significantly reduced training times for complex models, enabling faster iteration and deployment of AI solutions. Real-time AI applications could benefit from lower latency between processing units, improving responsiveness for time-sensitive operations. Data centers could potentially achieve higher computational density with fewer networking bottlenecks, allowing more efficient use of physical space and resources. Infrastructure costs might be optimized by more efficient utilization of expensive GPU resources, as processors spend less time waiting for data and more time computing. These benefits would be particularly valuable for financial services, healthcare, research institutions, and technology companies working with large-scale AI deployments. Organizations that rely on real-time analysis of large datasets or require rapid training and deployment of complex AI models stand to gain the most from the technology. “Silicon photonics will be a key technology for interconnects across accelerators, racks, and data center fabrics,” Jagadeesan pointed out. “Chiplets and advanced packaging will coexist and dominate intra-package communication. The key aspect is integration, that is companies who have the potential to combine photonics, chiplets, and packaging in a more efficient way will gain competitive advantage.”

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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