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The poetry of data

Jane Muschenetz’s poems don’t look like the sonnets you remember studying in high school English. If anything, they’re more likely to call to mind your statistics class. Flip through the pages of her poetry chapbook Power Point and you’ll see charts, graphs, and citations galore. One poem visually documents maternal mortality rates and women’s unpaid domestic labor in such a way that the bar and pie graphs spell out the word “MOM.” Another tracks deaths from gun violence across the globe and is presented as a gun-shaped graph. Still others are written in more standard poetic form but include citations that reference documents put out by the US government, the United Nations, and news organizations. These poems are just a few of the many in Muschenetz’s latest book that wrestle with contemporary social issues using a combination of data-driven insights and the poetic form. The format is a unique one: The first time Hayley Mitchell Haugen, founding editor in chief of Muschenetz’s publisher Sheila-Na-Gig, saw the poems, she thought to herself, “I’ve never seen anything like this before.” Point Blank 13. “Incidents of firearm mortality per 100K population for high income global economies with populations over 10M,” Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation, United Nations. Graphics treatment by Ingo Muschenetz. 14. “Child and Teen Firearm Mortality in the US and Peer Countries,” per 100K population, KFF.org, July 2023; CDC. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED BY WRITERS RESIST, WINTER 2023 While cold, hard numbers and poetry might seem antithetical at first blush, from Muschenetz’s perspective, the two couldn’t be a better fit. A former business consultant at Bain & Company who received her MBA at the Sloan School of Management, she released her first poetry book in her 40s, and she’s enjoyed uncovering what the artistic and scientific approaches to understanding the world have in common. “Even though it maybe feels unintuitive that poetry and science are interrelated, they both make connections that are not immediately obvious,” she says. “They test out theories; they take risks. There’s a lot of nonlinear thinking that happens in both.” Many of the poems in Power Point were inspired by watershed moments in global politics and culture, particularly ones that would shape the lives of women. From the partisan political theater on display at the confirmation hearing of US Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson to the passage of laws restricting women’s freedoms in Iran and Afghanistan, these events often left Muschenetz overwhelmed with frustration at the state of women’s rights today. But knowing that women’s emotions are so often dismissed, she looked for a way to turn those feelings into something that she hoped would be harder to write off than standard poetry while still evoking the openheartedness with which people tend to approach art. “I wanted something that listed just facts but expressed how angry I am,” she says. “I really wanted it to be fact-based. I wanted my sources to be publicly available and almost unassailable.” Her hope was that by repackaging these facts in the form of statistics-driven poetry, she might allow readers to receive the information in a new way—and get them thinking. From Ukraine to California Muschenetz’s childhood primed her to understand how global currents can shape an individual life from an early age. Born Yevgenia Leonidovna Veitzman to a Jewish family in the Ukrainian city of Lviv, Muschenetz says her family began trying to leave the country before she was born, hoping to escape the discrimination they faced under the Soviet government. But it wasn’t until she was 10 years old that the family was finally able to emigrate. When they were at last cleared to cross the border, they headed for San Diego, where she decided that Jane would be easier for Americans to pronounce than her given first name. (Ultimately, she would change her last name, too, when she married.) Muschenetz often felt out of place in her new home, even though she was surrounded by other immigrant kids whose parents had moved to California in search of a better life. In one way she was like many American teenage girls, though: She had a lot of feelings, especially about romantic relationships, whether real or imagined, and she often wrote poems about them.   At age 16, she began submitting her poetry to magazines and publishers, which brought her first taste of writerly rejection. “I was like, ‘Oh, well, I tried. Clearly this isn’t for me.’ Even though in my heart, since I was like four years old, I knew I was a writer and I loved literature,” she says.  Her parents were “completely horrified” about the prospect of her pursuing a career in writing, but they weren’t much more excited about what she eventually landed on instead: a degree in political science at UC San Diego. “The response was always ‘Poets get shot. Politicians get shot,’” she says.  She might not have been able to articulate it at age 18, but looking back, Muschenetz makes sense of the decision to study political science as driven by her desire to understand the global forces that caused her family to emigrate. “I wanted to know: How do we structure policy? Who makes these choices, and how can we change them and make them better?” she says. STACY KECK But the dream of writing was hard to let go of. By the time Muschenetz was a few years out of college, she’d applied for two different programs: an MFA in writing and the MBA program at Sloan. And though she didn’t get accepted to the MFA program, her time at Sloan ended up profoundly shaping the poetry she would write two decades later, giving her the statistical analysis and data interpretation skills that formed the backdrop for Power Point. Those were skills she sharpened even further in the years she spent working as a business consultant at Bain right after earning her MBA. “I don’t think the average joe could pull off [what she does in that book], because she knows how to present statistics well,” says Haugen. “She knows how to look at them analytically and offer them up in a way that a layperson can understand.” Muschenetz left the business world after four years at Bain to focus on parenting her two children, as well as serving in various volunteer capacities at their schools and with local community organizations. It wasn’t until the world shut down in 2020 with the onset of the covid-19 pandemic that she found herself getting back in touch with the creative impulses that had animated her previously. Those impulses manifested in part as visual art: Muschenetz began painting a menagerie of animals on the bases of palm fronds she would find on the ground after a big storm in San Diego. “It just felt good, even though it made no sense,” she says. “At the same time, it was keeping me sane.” Being willing to dip her toe into a creative endeavor that she knew she “didn’t have to be good at” also helped open Muschenetz to the idea of getting back to the poetry writing that had made her heart sing as a girl. “Through my high school and early college years, every margin of every notebook was covered with poems or rhymes,” she says. “And then it was just gone. It was scary for me to realize that I had cut that part out of myself, and how bad that was for me.” Coming home to poetry When Muschenetz did start writing again, she thought she might write a collection of poems rooted in domesticity and home life. She was surprised to find that what started flowing out of her instead were poems about her immigrant experience, which had never been the subject of her poetry while she was living it as a teenager. “I thought, ‘Well, shouldn’t I have gotten this out of my system?’ But here I was writing about this aspect of my identity that I never actually had written about before.”  She eventually had enough poems to pull together what became her first collection, titled All the Bad Girls Wear Russian Accents. The book reveals her propensity for weaving together dark and light, humor and tragedy, in a range of poems that cover everything from the war in Ukraine to the experience of being stereotyped for her ability to speak Russian, the language of many American movie villains.  Muschenetz initially thought that writing a book of poetry might be a onetime thing, the kind of undertaking that would allow her to check a box and move on. But as she was promoting her first book, she found herself fixating on a poem she hadn’t even written yet—one in the form of data that would spell out a word. The idea was eventually realized in “100% MOM.”  100% MOM: A PowerPoint Poem about Women and Labor Data sources include: “Life Stages and Populations by Sex,”CDC, NCHS; “Most pregnancy-related deaths are preventable, ”Hear Her Campaign, CDC, 2022; “The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison, ”Commonwealth Fund, 2022; “The World’s Women 2020 Trends and Statistics,” United Nations; Oxfam International Inequality Reports: 2020, 2021; “Hard Work Is Not Enough: Women in Low-Paid Jobs,” National Women’s Law Center, July 2023. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN WHALE ROAD REVIEW, SPRING 2023 That poem was the seed that grew into Power Point, and Muschenetz, whose poetry has been nominated for the Pushcart Prize three times, hasn’t looked back since. In addition to releasing that second volume of poetry, the product of what she calls the “analytic and overachieving brain” that helped her get through (and enjoy) business school, Muschenetz has used those same skills to help the poetry community in San Diego with some of the more practical needs, like grant writing, that are often lacking in communities of artists, says Katie Manning, a local poet and professor emeritus of poetry.  Muschenetz is mostly just happy to have found a way to use poetry to keep integrating and honoring the many different parts of her identity, from immigrant to business consultant.  “It is a huge disservice to all humanity when we ask our scientists or mathematicians or poets to only be that one thing, as opposed to being their whole selves,” she says.  You Are 600% Hotter than the SunBy Jane Muschenetz A cup of the Sun’s core produces ~60 milliwattsof thermal energy. By volume … less than that ofa human [350 mW]. In a sense, you are hotter thanthe Sun—there’s just not as much of you. —Henry Reich, Minute Physics Speaking roughly, in terms of heatgenerated per every human inch, you giveoff more milliwatts—surge/energy. Onlythe Sun is bigger … it matters.We are all blinded by love, the expanding/contractinguniverse is just another metaphorfor longing, and life—its own purpose.How dazzling, this science!Consider falling for a physicist—the painstakingly slow way they undressmathematical mysteries,talk about bodies in motiongets me every time—space —continuum, part, particle—Atomic. Incandescent! Youare, pound-for-pound, more Life-Source,more Bomb, more Season-Spinning Searing CenterHeart/Engine/Radiating Nuclear Dynamicthan the Sun. Can’t look directly in the mirror? Small Wonder! Imagine— none of us powerless.Originally published by Cathexis Northwest Press, May 2024  For Those of Us Forced to FleeBy Jane Muschenetz For those of us forced to fleethe world is forever shrinking down to a single question:What can you carry?The suitcase of your heart closed tighton all the things there was no room to bring—your memories of “home,” the snowflake momentsof your youth, the blooming Lilac treeoutside your bedroom window … a heavy burdensaps your strength on the long journey, bringonly what you need.Homes can be built again,a new tree can be rooted. Survive. When you have nothing left to plant, become the seed. Originally published in Issue 8, The Good Life Review, 2022. It received the 2022 Honeybee Poetry Prize and was nominated for a Pushcart Prize. Find more poetry by Jane Muschenetz at www.palmfrondzoo.com/janewriting.

Jane Muschenetz’s poems don’t look like the sonnets you remember studying in high school English. If anything, they’re more likely to call to mind your statistics class.

Flip through the pages of her poetry chapbook Power Point and you’ll see charts, graphs, and citations galore. One poem visually documents maternal mortality rates and women’s unpaid domestic labor in such a way that the bar and pie graphs spell out the word “MOM.” Another tracks deaths from gun violence across the globe and is presented as a gun-shaped graph. Still others are written in more standard poetic form but include citations that reference documents put out by the US government, the United Nations, and news organizations.

These poems are just a few of the many in Muschenetz’s latest book that wrestle with contemporary social issues using a combination of data-driven insights and the poetic form. The format is a unique one: The first time Hayley Mitchell Haugen, founding editor in chief of Muschenetz’s publisher Sheila-Na-Gig, saw the poems, she thought to herself, “I’ve never seen anything like this before.”

Point Blank
13. “Incidents of firearm mortality per 100K population for high income global economies with populations over 10M,” Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation, United Nations. Graphics treatment by Ingo Muschenetz. 14. “Child and Teen Firearm Mortality in the US and Peer Countries,” per 100K population, KFF.org, July 2023; CDC. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED BY WRITERS RESIST, WINTER 2023

While cold, hard numbers and poetry might seem antithetical at first blush, from Muschenetz’s perspective, the two couldn’t be a better fit. A former business consultant at Bain & Company who received her MBA at the Sloan School of Management, she released her first poetry book in her 40s, and she’s enjoyed uncovering what the artistic and scientific approaches to understanding the world have in common.

“Even though it maybe feels unintuitive that poetry and science are interrelated, they both make connections that are not immediately obvious,” she says. “They test out theories; they take risks. There’s a lot of nonlinear thinking that happens in both.”

Many of the poems in Power Point were inspired by watershed moments in global politics and culture, particularly ones that would shape the lives of women. From the partisan political theater on display at the confirmation hearing of US Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson to the passage of laws restricting women’s freedoms in Iran and Afghanistan, these events often left Muschenetz overwhelmed with frustration at the state of women’s rights today.

But knowing that women’s emotions are so often dismissed, she looked for a way to turn those feelings into something that she hoped would be harder to write off than standard poetry while still evoking the openheartedness with which people tend to approach art.

“I wanted something that listed just facts but expressed how angry I am,” she says. “I really wanted it to be fact-based. I wanted my sources to be publicly available and almost unassailable.” Her hope was that by repackaging these facts in the form of statistics-driven poetry, she might allow readers to receive the information in a new way—and get them thinking.

From Ukraine to California

Muschenetz’s childhood primed her to understand how global currents can shape an individual life from an early age. Born Yevgenia Leonidovna Veitzman to a Jewish family in the Ukrainian city of Lviv, Muschenetz says her family began trying to leave the country before she was born, hoping to escape the discrimination they faced under the Soviet government. But it wasn’t until she was 10 years old that the family was finally able to emigrate. When they were at last cleared to cross the border, they headed for San Diego, where she decided that Jane would be easier for Americans to pronounce than her given first name. (Ultimately, she would change her last name, too, when she married.)

Muschenetz often felt out of place in her new home, even though she was surrounded by other immigrant kids whose parents had moved to California in search of a better life. In one way she was like many American teenage girls, though: She had a lot of feelings, especially about romantic relationships, whether real or imagined, and she often wrote poems about them.  

At age 16, she began submitting her poetry to magazines and publishers, which brought her first taste of writerly rejection. “I was like, ‘Oh, well, I tried. Clearly this isn’t for me.’ Even though in my heart, since I was like four years old, I knew I was a writer and I loved literature,” she says. 

Her parents were “completely horrified” about the prospect of her pursuing a career in writing, but they weren’t much more excited about what she eventually landed on instead: a degree in political science at UC San Diego. “The response was always ‘Poets get shot. Politicians get shot,’” she says. 

She might not have been able to articulate it at age 18, but looking back, Muschenetz makes sense of the decision to study political science as driven by her desire to understand the global forces that caused her family to emigrate. “I wanted to know: How do we structure policy? Who makes these choices, and how can we change them and make them better?” she says.

Jane Muschenetz

STACY KECK

But the dream of writing was hard to let go of. By the time Muschenetz was a few years out of college, she’d applied for two different programs: an MFA in writing and the MBA program at Sloan. And though she didn’t get accepted to the MFA program, her time at Sloan ended up profoundly shaping the poetry she would write two decades later, giving her the statistical analysis and data interpretation skills that formed the backdrop for Power Point. Those were skills she sharpened even further in the years she spent working as a business consultant at Bain right after earning her MBA.

“I don’t think the average joe could pull off [what she does in that book], because she knows how to present statistics well,” says Haugen. “She knows how to look at them analytically and offer them up in a way that a layperson can understand.”

Muschenetz left the business world after four years at Bain to focus on parenting her two children, as well as serving in various volunteer capacities at their schools and with local community organizations. It wasn’t until the world shut down in 2020 with the onset of the covid-19 pandemic that she found herself getting back in touch with the creative impulses that had animated her previously. Those impulses manifested in part as visual art: Muschenetz began painting a menagerie of animals on the bases of palm fronds she would find on the ground after a big storm in San Diego. “It just felt good, even though it made no sense,” she says. “At the same time, it was keeping me sane.”

Being willing to dip her toe into a creative endeavor that she knew she “didn’t have to be good at” also helped open Muschenetz to the idea of getting back to the poetry writing that had made her heart sing as a girl.

“Through my high school and early college years, every margin of every notebook was covered with poems or rhymes,” she says. “And then it was just gone. It was scary for me to realize that I had cut that part out of myself, and how bad that was for me.”

Coming home to poetry

When Muschenetz did start writing again, she thought she might write a collection of poems rooted in domesticity and home life. She was surprised to find that what started flowing out of her instead were poems about her immigrant experience, which had never been the subject of her poetry while she was living it as a teenager. “I thought, ‘Well, shouldn’t I have gotten this out of my system?’ But here I was writing about this aspect of my identity that I never actually had written about before.” 

She eventually had enough poems to pull together what became her first collection, titled All the Bad Girls Wear Russian Accents. The book reveals her propensity for weaving together dark and light, humor and tragedy, in a range of poems that cover everything from the war in Ukraine to the experience of being stereotyped for her ability to speak Russian, the language of many American movie villains. 

Muschenetz initially thought that writing a book of poetry might be a onetime thing, the kind of undertaking that would allow her to check a box and move on. But as she was promoting her first book, she found herself fixating on a poem she hadn’t even written yet—one in the form of data that would spell out a word. The idea was eventually realized in “100% MOM.” 

100% MOM: A PowerPoint Poem about Women and Labor
Data sources include: “Life Stages and Populations by Sex,”CDC, NCHS; “Most pregnancy-related deaths are preventable, ”Hear Her Campaign, CDC, 2022; “The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison, ”Commonwealth Fund, 2022; “The World’s Women 2020 Trends and Statistics,” United Nations; Oxfam International Inequality Reports: 2020, 2021; “Hard Work Is Not Enough: Women in Low-Paid Jobs,” National Women’s Law Center, July 2023. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN WHALE ROAD REVIEW, SPRING 2023

That poem was the seed that grew into Power Point, and Muschenetz, whose poetry has been nominated for the Pushcart Prize three times, hasn’t looked back since. In addition to releasing that second volume of poetry, the product of what she calls the “analytic and overachieving brain” that helped her get through (and enjoy) business school, Muschenetz has used those same skills to help the poetry community in San Diego with some of the more practical needs, like grant writing, that are often lacking in communities of artists, says Katie Manning, a local poet and professor emeritus of poetry. 

Muschenetz is mostly just happy to have found a way to use poetry to keep integrating and honoring the many different parts of her identity, from immigrant to business consultant. 

“It is a huge disservice to all humanity when we ask our scientists or mathematicians or poets to only be that one thing, as opposed to being their whole selves,” she says. 


You Are 600% Hotter than the Sun
By Jane Muschenetz

A cup of the Sun’s core produces ~60 milliwatts
of thermal energy. By volume … less than that of
a human [350 mW]. In a sense, you are hotter than
the Sun—there’s just not as much of you. 

—Henry Reich, Minute Physics

Speaking roughly, in terms of heat
generated per every human inch, you give
off more milliwatts—surge/energy. Only
the Sun is bigger … it matters.
We are all blinded 
by love, the expanding/contracting
universe is just another metaphor
for longing, and life—its own purpose.
How dazzling, this science!
Consider falling for a physicist—
the painstakingly slow way they undress
mathematical mysteries,
talk about bodies in motion
gets me every time—space 
—continuum, part, particle—
Atomic. Incandescent! You
are, pound-for-pound, more Life-Source,
more Bomb, more Season-Spinning Searing Center
Heart/Engine/Radiating Nuclear Dynamic
than the Sun. Can’t look directly 
in the mirror? Small Wonder! Imagine—

none of us powerless.

Originally published by Cathexis Northwest Press, May 2024 


For Those of Us Forced to Flee
By Jane Muschenetz

For those of us forced to flee
the world is forever shrinking down to a single question:
What can you carry?
The suitcase of your heart closed tight
on all the things there was no room to bring—
your memories of “home,” the snowflake moments
of your youth, the blooming Lilac tree
outside your bedroom window … a heavy burden
saps your strength on the long journey, bring
only what you need.
Homes can be built again,
a new tree can be rooted.

Survive.

When you have nothing left to plant, become the seed.

Originally published in Issue 8, The Good Life Review, 2022. It received the 2022 Honeybee Poetry Prize and was nominated for a Pushcart Prize.

Find more poetry by Jane Muschenetz at www.palmfrondzoo.com/janewriting.

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HPCL taps Technip Energies for EPC on new Mumbai refinery unit

Hindustan Petroleum Corp. Ltd. (HPCL) has awarded Technip Energies an engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contract for two major units in the lube modernization and bottoms upgradation (LMBU) project at its 9.5-million tonne/year (tpy) Mumbai refinery in Maharashtra, India. The work covers a 550,000-tpy integrated hydrocracker and catalytic dewaxing (IHCD) unit and an 850,000-tpy solvent deasphalting (SDA) unit. Both will be integrated into the operating refinery, Technip Energies said in a release Oct. 12. The new units aim to increase production of lube oil base stocks (LOBS) used in automotive engine oils and industrial lubricants, while upgrading heavier refinery streams into higher-value products, according to the service provider. While Technip Energies did not reveal the precise value of the contract, the company confirmed the order would amount to between €250-500 million of revenue. This latest EPC contract for the project’s IHCD and SDA units follows HPCL’s earlier award to Chevron Lummus Global for licensing of technologies to outfit the IHCD unit. Project overview HPCL’s LMBU project is designed to raise the Mumbai refinery’s output of LOBS to 764,000 tpy from 475,000 tpy, including production of Group II+ and Group III base stocks. The project is also expected to increase bitumen production by about 487,000 tpy through fuel oil upgrading, as well as improve the refinery’s yield of distillate by about 4%, HPCL said in a release Jan. 23, 2025. HPCL began work on the LMBU project during the third quarter of its 2025 fiscal year at an estimated project cost of 46.79 billion rupees (US$541.1 million). Scheduled to be fully completed in March 2028, the LMBU project had reached 9.9% physical completion as of Mar. 31, 2026, at a then-current project cost of 57.40 billion rupees (US$600.4 million), HPCL said in an investor presentation dated May 13, 2026.

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Virginia’s New Data Center Bargain: Power, Permits and the Right to Build

What Took Effect—and What Still Requires Legislation Spanberger laid out the administration’s rationale in announcing the framework: “In the years before I took office, data centers came to Virginia and the Commonwealth did not have a clear or coordinated plan to address their impacts on Virginians — on their electric bills, their water, their land, their air, or their quality of life. That changes today. I have said many times that Virginia should be leading the nation in setting the highest standards for this industry. And now, I believe we are doing just that.” The distinction between what Virginia has already implemented and what the administration intends to pursue is consequential. Executive Order 22 establishes immediate directives for state agencies, while significant portions of the broader Data Center Accountability Framework remain proposals for the 2027 General Assembly or future regulatory action. Among the immediate changes, executive-branch agencies are prohibited from entering into or enforcing new nondisclosure agreements that conceal material information about proposed commercial data centers, public incentives, resource demands or community impacts. Existing contractual commitments are preserved, with limited exceptions contemplated for extraordinary circumstances, including national security. The prohibition does not yet extend automatically to local governments. The order also excludes new data center projects with anticipated peak electrical demand of 25 MW or greater from the Virginia Business Ready Sites Program and similar discretionary state site-readiness and expedited-review assistance. A separate, potentially more consequential proposal would eliminate by-right development approval for data centers using more than 25 MW, requiring local approval even for projects with prior authorizations. That provision has not been enacted statewide and could introduce significant legal questions concerning established development rights. The administration is also accelerating environmental oversight. Within 120 days of the order, the Office of the Chief Energy Officer must publish an initial

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OCP 2026: Agentic AI Drives the Data Center’s Chip-to-Grid Transformation

NVIDIA Opens More of the AI Factory Architecture NVIDIA’s Ian Buck closed the opening keynote program with an extensive presentation covering Vera Rubin systems, open rack designs, networking, power delivery and AI factory software. The company announced additional contributions to OCP based on its third-generation MGX 1.2 reference architecture. The specification includes high-density liquid-cooled computing systems, improved cooling connections, standardized power interfaces and modular mechanical designs. Buck emphasized that these developments are as much about manufacturing and serviceability as they are about computational performance. He described how NVIDIA reduced the assembly time for a compute tray from approximately 90 minutes in the Grace Blackwell generation to roughly one minute for Vera Rubin through simplified mechanical construction and more automated assembly. At the scale of thousands of racks, those manufacturing improvements can materially influence deployment schedules. NVIDIA also previewed its next-generation Vera Rubin Ultra architecture, designed to interconnect 576 GPUs using an advanced NVLink fabric with co-packaged optics. Open Data Center and Grid Resilience Specifications For data center developers and operators, however, NVIDIA’s most consequential OCP contributions may lie outside the computing rack. NVIDIA, AMD, Google and Meta have published an Open Data Center Specification, currently at version 0.7, intended to establish common design principles for AI factory facilities. The specification addresses power architecture, cooling infrastructure and physical layout, helping equipment suppliers and developers coordinate around shared infrastructure requirements. That shared facilities work unfolds alongside vendor-specific programs such as NVIDIA’s DSX Ready, which establishes qualification requirements for battery energy storage and liquid cooling equipment supporting its AI factory designs. NVIDIA also joined Google, Meta and Microsoft in publishing an OCP Grid Resilience Specification addressing the behavior of large AI installations during grid disturbances. The specification establishes expectations for facilities to remain connected, respond automatically to disturbances and recover toward normal operating

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NetBox Labs adds network design templates and AI agents to streamline infrastructure operations

“This is infrastructure, and so if an agent does the wrong thing, it breaks the company,” Beevers said. NetBox Designs turns repeatable infrastructure into templates AI data centers are full of racks that are almost all identical in design. Teams do not want to lay out each one by hand. The same applies to a retail chain with small, medium, and large store formats, where the IT footprint needs to line up. NetBox Designs, now in public preview, targets that repetition. Designs work like “templatized Lego bricks for infrastructure,” Beevers said. A team defines a site, rack or IP plan once and sets its parameters. NetBox then renders the plan as many times as needed, down to the low-level components and their configuration. That includes assigning IP addresses, prefixes, and virtual LANs across a fabric. The goal is to speed design down to the component level, reduce manual error and compress time to market.

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AMD unveils Helion as agentic AI fuels demand for data center CPUs

AMD has introduced Helion, an open blueprint for data center racks that aims to give CPUs a larger role in running AI agents while allowing customers to configure GPU resources around their inference requirements. Based on Open Compute Project (OCP) specifications, the architecture supports different combinations of computing hardware. AMD cited examples including CPU-only racks for hyperscalers, powered by sixth-generation EPYC processors with up to 32,768 cores, and all-in-one enterprise racks accommodating up to 16 Instinct MI350P GPUs. AMD has listed networking bandwidth of up to 102 Tbps for Helion, although the company has not specified how that figure is calculated. The specification represents a planned rack capability rather than demonstrated performance in customer environments.

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Land & Expand: North America’s Data Center Pipeline Expands Under Pressure

Land & Expand is Data Center Frontier’s periodic look at the latest data center development news, including new sites, land acquisitions and campus expansions across North America. This latest installment finds the development pipeline continuing to expand, even as the requirements for bringing large-scale projects online grow more complicated. Developers are securing land, planning new power infrastructure and advancing campuses measured in hundreds of megawatts or more. At the same time, local governments and residents are demanding greater clarity on electricity costs, water consumption, noise, tax incentives and the long-term effects of industrial-scale computing facilities. A succession of development disclosures and project milestones through September and early October 2026 illustrates both the geographical reach of North America’s expanding data center pipeline and the growing difficulty of measuring how much proposed capacity will ultimately be delivered. The projects range from preliminary discussions and newly secured development sites to campuses already under construction. Some are advancing through formal permitting and power studies; others remain contingent on customers, financing or local approvals. Together, they reveal an industry still expanding aggressively, but operating under increasingly complex development conditions. Fluidstack: Cameron County, Texas — Up to 1.5 GW One of the largest newly disclosed projects is Fluidstack’s AI data center development in Cameron County in the Rio Grande Valley. The project surfaced publicly September 10 when Cameron County announced that it had issued Fluidstack a worksite permit for property near Harlingen. The permit authorizes preliminary site work, including grading, utilities and related infrastructure, rather than construction of the data center buildings themselves. Fluidstack subsequently disclosed considerably more detail on September 21, saying construction had begun on a $4 billion first phase capable of supporting as much as 1.5 GW. Fluidstack expects the project to generate more than 2,500 construction jobs and several hundred permanent positions. 

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DCF Global: Five Markets Redrawing the AI Infrastructure Map

The Global Constraint Is Execution These five markets demonstrate that the worldwide AI infrastructure buildout is no longer organized around a single development model. Spain is using permitting reform to attract investment. China is concentrating construction around energy resources. India is translating enormous capital commitments into an expanding development pipeline. Latin America is combining hyperscale growth with national industrial objectives. And Southeast Asia is creating interconnected infrastructure markets whose boundaries increasingly extend beyond individual cities and countries. Not every market is competing for the same business. Sovereign cloud services, enterprise applications, AI training clusters, and large-scale inference platforms carry different requirements involving power, connectivity, latency, data residency, and operating economics. But the infrastructure questions remain remarkably consistent. Can a project obtain enough electricity? Can transmission and supporting networks be delivered on schedule? Will the supply chain provide the required equipment? Can the facility be constructed and commissioned efficiently? And will the development retain the regulatory certainty and community acceptance required to operate for decades? The gap between announced development and actual capacity is becoming a defining measurement of the industry. Cushman & Wakefield estimates that Asia-Pacific alone had approximately 26.5 GW of data center capacity in its development pipeline during H1 2026. Of that total, roughly 4.8 GW was under construction, with another 21.7 GW in planning. Those figures reveal both the extraordinary scale of the opportunity and the considerable infrastructure work still required to realize it. What the Global Buildout Means for North America For U.S. data center operators, developers, engineering firms, equipment suppliers, and investors, international expansion is not a separate story. It is increasingly part of the same global competition for capital, equipment, power infrastructure, and specialized expertise. The transformers, switchgear, generators, advanced cooling systems, fiber networks, and electrical distribution equipment required by a major AI campus

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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