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The poetry of data

Jane Muschenetz’s poems don’t look like the sonnets you remember studying in high school English. If anything, they’re more likely to call to mind your statistics class. Flip through the pages of her poetry chapbook Power Point and you’ll see charts, graphs, and citations galore. One poem visually documents maternal mortality rates and women’s unpaid domestic labor in such a way that the bar and pie graphs spell out the word “MOM.” Another tracks deaths from gun violence across the globe and is presented as a gun-shaped graph. Still others are written in more standard poetic form but include citations that reference documents put out by the US government, the United Nations, and news organizations. These poems are just a few of the many in Muschenetz’s latest book that wrestle with contemporary social issues using a combination of data-driven insights and the poetic form. The format is a unique one: The first time Hayley Mitchell Haugen, founding editor in chief of Muschenetz’s publisher Sheila-Na-Gig, saw the poems, she thought to herself, “I’ve never seen anything like this before.” Point Blank 13. “Incidents of firearm mortality per 100K population for high income global economies with populations over 10M,” Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation, United Nations. Graphics treatment by Ingo Muschenetz. 14. “Child and Teen Firearm Mortality in the US and Peer Countries,” per 100K population, KFF.org, July 2023; CDC. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED BY WRITERS RESIST, WINTER 2023 While cold, hard numbers and poetry might seem antithetical at first blush, from Muschenetz’s perspective, the two couldn’t be a better fit. A former business consultant at Bain & Company who received her MBA at the Sloan School of Management, she released her first poetry book in her 40s, and she’s enjoyed uncovering what the artistic and scientific approaches to understanding the world have in common. “Even though it maybe feels unintuitive that poetry and science are interrelated, they both make connections that are not immediately obvious,” she says. “They test out theories; they take risks. There’s a lot of nonlinear thinking that happens in both.” Many of the poems in Power Point were inspired by watershed moments in global politics and culture, particularly ones that would shape the lives of women. From the partisan political theater on display at the confirmation hearing of US Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson to the passage of laws restricting women’s freedoms in Iran and Afghanistan, these events often left Muschenetz overwhelmed with frustration at the state of women’s rights today. But knowing that women’s emotions are so often dismissed, she looked for a way to turn those feelings into something that she hoped would be harder to write off than standard poetry while still evoking the openheartedness with which people tend to approach art. “I wanted something that listed just facts but expressed how angry I am,” she says. “I really wanted it to be fact-based. I wanted my sources to be publicly available and almost unassailable.” Her hope was that by repackaging these facts in the form of statistics-driven poetry, she might allow readers to receive the information in a new way—and get them thinking. From Ukraine to California Muschenetz’s childhood primed her to understand how global currents can shape an individual life from an early age. Born Yevgenia Leonidovna Veitzman to a Jewish family in the Ukrainian city of Lviv, Muschenetz says her family began trying to leave the country before she was born, hoping to escape the discrimination they faced under the Soviet government. But it wasn’t until she was 10 years old that the family was finally able to emigrate. When they were at last cleared to cross the border, they headed for San Diego, where she decided that Jane would be easier for Americans to pronounce than her given first name. (Ultimately, she would change her last name, too, when she married.) Muschenetz often felt out of place in her new home, even though she was surrounded by other immigrant kids whose parents had moved to California in search of a better life. In one way she was like many American teenage girls, though: She had a lot of feelings, especially about romantic relationships, whether real or imagined, and she often wrote poems about them.   At age 16, she began submitting her poetry to magazines and publishers, which brought her first taste of writerly rejection. “I was like, ‘Oh, well, I tried. Clearly this isn’t for me.’ Even though in my heart, since I was like four years old, I knew I was a writer and I loved literature,” she says.  Her parents were “completely horrified” about the prospect of her pursuing a career in writing, but they weren’t much more excited about what she eventually landed on instead: a degree in political science at UC San Diego. “The response was always ‘Poets get shot. Politicians get shot,’” she says.  She might not have been able to articulate it at age 18, but looking back, Muschenetz makes sense of the decision to study political science as driven by her desire to understand the global forces that caused her family to emigrate. “I wanted to know: How do we structure policy? Who makes these choices, and how can we change them and make them better?” she says. STACY KECK But the dream of writing was hard to let go of. By the time Muschenetz was a few years out of college, she’d applied for two different programs: an MFA in writing and the MBA program at Sloan. And though she didn’t get accepted to the MFA program, her time at Sloan ended up profoundly shaping the poetry she would write two decades later, giving her the statistical analysis and data interpretation skills that formed the backdrop for Power Point. Those were skills she sharpened even further in the years she spent working as a business consultant at Bain right after earning her MBA. “I don’t think the average joe could pull off [what she does in that book], because she knows how to present statistics well,” says Haugen. “She knows how to look at them analytically and offer them up in a way that a layperson can understand.” Muschenetz left the business world after four years at Bain to focus on parenting her two children, as well as serving in various volunteer capacities at their schools and with local community organizations. It wasn’t until the world shut down in 2020 with the onset of the covid-19 pandemic that she found herself getting back in touch with the creative impulses that had animated her previously. Those impulses manifested in part as visual art: Muschenetz began painting a menagerie of animals on the bases of palm fronds she would find on the ground after a big storm in San Diego. “It just felt good, even though it made no sense,” she says. “At the same time, it was keeping me sane.” Being willing to dip her toe into a creative endeavor that she knew she “didn’t have to be good at” also helped open Muschenetz to the idea of getting back to the poetry writing that had made her heart sing as a girl. “Through my high school and early college years, every margin of every notebook was covered with poems or rhymes,” she says. “And then it was just gone. It was scary for me to realize that I had cut that part out of myself, and how bad that was for me.” Coming home to poetry When Muschenetz did start writing again, she thought she might write a collection of poems rooted in domesticity and home life. She was surprised to find that what started flowing out of her instead were poems about her immigrant experience, which had never been the subject of her poetry while she was living it as a teenager. “I thought, ‘Well, shouldn’t I have gotten this out of my system?’ But here I was writing about this aspect of my identity that I never actually had written about before.”  She eventually had enough poems to pull together what became her first collection, titled All the Bad Girls Wear Russian Accents. The book reveals her propensity for weaving together dark and light, humor and tragedy, in a range of poems that cover everything from the war in Ukraine to the experience of being stereotyped for her ability to speak Russian, the language of many American movie villains.  Muschenetz initially thought that writing a book of poetry might be a onetime thing, the kind of undertaking that would allow her to check a box and move on. But as she was promoting her first book, she found herself fixating on a poem she hadn’t even written yet—one in the form of data that would spell out a word. The idea was eventually realized in “100% MOM.”  100% MOM: A PowerPoint Poem about Women and Labor Data sources include: “Life Stages and Populations by Sex,”CDC, NCHS; “Most pregnancy-related deaths are preventable, ”Hear Her Campaign, CDC, 2022; “The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison, ”Commonwealth Fund, 2022; “The World’s Women 2020 Trends and Statistics,” United Nations; Oxfam International Inequality Reports: 2020, 2021; “Hard Work Is Not Enough: Women in Low-Paid Jobs,” National Women’s Law Center, July 2023. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN WHALE ROAD REVIEW, SPRING 2023 That poem was the seed that grew into Power Point, and Muschenetz, whose poetry has been nominated for the Pushcart Prize three times, hasn’t looked back since. In addition to releasing that second volume of poetry, the product of what she calls the “analytic and overachieving brain” that helped her get through (and enjoy) business school, Muschenetz has used those same skills to help the poetry community in San Diego with some of the more practical needs, like grant writing, that are often lacking in communities of artists, says Katie Manning, a local poet and professor emeritus of poetry.  Muschenetz is mostly just happy to have found a way to use poetry to keep integrating and honoring the many different parts of her identity, from immigrant to business consultant.  “It is a huge disservice to all humanity when we ask our scientists or mathematicians or poets to only be that one thing, as opposed to being their whole selves,” she says.  You Are 600% Hotter than the SunBy Jane Muschenetz A cup of the Sun’s core produces ~60 milliwattsof thermal energy. By volume … less than that ofa human [350 mW]. In a sense, you are hotter thanthe Sun—there’s just not as much of you. —Henry Reich, Minute Physics Speaking roughly, in terms of heatgenerated per every human inch, you giveoff more milliwatts—surge/energy. Onlythe Sun is bigger … it matters.We are all blinded by love, the expanding/contractinguniverse is just another metaphorfor longing, and life—its own purpose.How dazzling, this science!Consider falling for a physicist—the painstakingly slow way they undressmathematical mysteries,talk about bodies in motiongets me every time—space —continuum, part, particle—Atomic. Incandescent! Youare, pound-for-pound, more Life-Source,more Bomb, more Season-Spinning Searing CenterHeart/Engine/Radiating Nuclear Dynamicthan the Sun. Can’t look directly in the mirror? Small Wonder! Imagine— none of us powerless.Originally published by Cathexis Northwest Press, May 2024  For Those of Us Forced to FleeBy Jane Muschenetz For those of us forced to fleethe world is forever shrinking down to a single question:What can you carry?The suitcase of your heart closed tighton all the things there was no room to bring—your memories of “home,” the snowflake momentsof your youth, the blooming Lilac treeoutside your bedroom window … a heavy burdensaps your strength on the long journey, bringonly what you need.Homes can be built again,a new tree can be rooted. Survive. When you have nothing left to plant, become the seed. Originally published in Issue 8, The Good Life Review, 2022. It received the 2022 Honeybee Poetry Prize and was nominated for a Pushcart Prize. Find more poetry by Jane Muschenetz at www.palmfrondzoo.com/janewriting.

Jane Muschenetz’s poems don’t look like the sonnets you remember studying in high school English. If anything, they’re more likely to call to mind your statistics class.

Flip through the pages of her poetry chapbook Power Point and you’ll see charts, graphs, and citations galore. One poem visually documents maternal mortality rates and women’s unpaid domestic labor in such a way that the bar and pie graphs spell out the word “MOM.” Another tracks deaths from gun violence across the globe and is presented as a gun-shaped graph. Still others are written in more standard poetic form but include citations that reference documents put out by the US government, the United Nations, and news organizations.

These poems are just a few of the many in Muschenetz’s latest book that wrestle with contemporary social issues using a combination of data-driven insights and the poetic form. The format is a unique one: The first time Hayley Mitchell Haugen, founding editor in chief of Muschenetz’s publisher Sheila-Na-Gig, saw the poems, she thought to herself, “I’ve never seen anything like this before.”

Point Blank
13. “Incidents of firearm mortality per 100K population for high income global economies with populations over 10M,” Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation, United Nations. Graphics treatment by Ingo Muschenetz. 14. “Child and Teen Firearm Mortality in the US and Peer Countries,” per 100K population, KFF.org, July 2023; CDC. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED BY WRITERS RESIST, WINTER 2023

While cold, hard numbers and poetry might seem antithetical at first blush, from Muschenetz’s perspective, the two couldn’t be a better fit. A former business consultant at Bain & Company who received her MBA at the Sloan School of Management, she released her first poetry book in her 40s, and she’s enjoyed uncovering what the artistic and scientific approaches to understanding the world have in common.

“Even though it maybe feels unintuitive that poetry and science are interrelated, they both make connections that are not immediately obvious,” she says. “They test out theories; they take risks. There’s a lot of nonlinear thinking that happens in both.”

Many of the poems in Power Point were inspired by watershed moments in global politics and culture, particularly ones that would shape the lives of women. From the partisan political theater on display at the confirmation hearing of US Supreme Court Justice Ketanji Brown Jackson to the passage of laws restricting women’s freedoms in Iran and Afghanistan, these events often left Muschenetz overwhelmed with frustration at the state of women’s rights today.

But knowing that women’s emotions are so often dismissed, she looked for a way to turn those feelings into something that she hoped would be harder to write off than standard poetry while still evoking the openheartedness with which people tend to approach art.

“I wanted something that listed just facts but expressed how angry I am,” she says. “I really wanted it to be fact-based. I wanted my sources to be publicly available and almost unassailable.” Her hope was that by repackaging these facts in the form of statistics-driven poetry, she might allow readers to receive the information in a new way—and get them thinking.

From Ukraine to California

Muschenetz’s childhood primed her to understand how global currents can shape an individual life from an early age. Born Yevgenia Leonidovna Veitzman to a Jewish family in the Ukrainian city of Lviv, Muschenetz says her family began trying to leave the country before she was born, hoping to escape the discrimination they faced under the Soviet government. But it wasn’t until she was 10 years old that the family was finally able to emigrate. When they were at last cleared to cross the border, they headed for San Diego, where she decided that Jane would be easier for Americans to pronounce than her given first name. (Ultimately, she would change her last name, too, when she married.)

Muschenetz often felt out of place in her new home, even though she was surrounded by other immigrant kids whose parents had moved to California in search of a better life. In one way she was like many American teenage girls, though: She had a lot of feelings, especially about romantic relationships, whether real or imagined, and she often wrote poems about them.  

At age 16, she began submitting her poetry to magazines and publishers, which brought her first taste of writerly rejection. “I was like, ‘Oh, well, I tried. Clearly this isn’t for me.’ Even though in my heart, since I was like four years old, I knew I was a writer and I loved literature,” she says. 

Her parents were “completely horrified” about the prospect of her pursuing a career in writing, but they weren’t much more excited about what she eventually landed on instead: a degree in political science at UC San Diego. “The response was always ‘Poets get shot. Politicians get shot,’” she says. 

She might not have been able to articulate it at age 18, but looking back, Muschenetz makes sense of the decision to study political science as driven by her desire to understand the global forces that caused her family to emigrate. “I wanted to know: How do we structure policy? Who makes these choices, and how can we change them and make them better?” she says.

Jane Muschenetz

STACY KECK

But the dream of writing was hard to let go of. By the time Muschenetz was a few years out of college, she’d applied for two different programs: an MFA in writing and the MBA program at Sloan. And though she didn’t get accepted to the MFA program, her time at Sloan ended up profoundly shaping the poetry she would write two decades later, giving her the statistical analysis and data interpretation skills that formed the backdrop for Power Point. Those were skills she sharpened even further in the years she spent working as a business consultant at Bain right after earning her MBA.

“I don’t think the average joe could pull off [what she does in that book], because she knows how to present statistics well,” says Haugen. “She knows how to look at them analytically and offer them up in a way that a layperson can understand.”

Muschenetz left the business world after four years at Bain to focus on parenting her two children, as well as serving in various volunteer capacities at their schools and with local community organizations. It wasn’t until the world shut down in 2020 with the onset of the covid-19 pandemic that she found herself getting back in touch with the creative impulses that had animated her previously. Those impulses manifested in part as visual art: Muschenetz began painting a menagerie of animals on the bases of palm fronds she would find on the ground after a big storm in San Diego. “It just felt good, even though it made no sense,” she says. “At the same time, it was keeping me sane.”

Being willing to dip her toe into a creative endeavor that she knew she “didn’t have to be good at” also helped open Muschenetz to the idea of getting back to the poetry writing that had made her heart sing as a girl.

“Through my high school and early college years, every margin of every notebook was covered with poems or rhymes,” she says. “And then it was just gone. It was scary for me to realize that I had cut that part out of myself, and how bad that was for me.”

Coming home to poetry

When Muschenetz did start writing again, she thought she might write a collection of poems rooted in domesticity and home life. She was surprised to find that what started flowing out of her instead were poems about her immigrant experience, which had never been the subject of her poetry while she was living it as a teenager. “I thought, ‘Well, shouldn’t I have gotten this out of my system?’ But here I was writing about this aspect of my identity that I never actually had written about before.” 

She eventually had enough poems to pull together what became her first collection, titled All the Bad Girls Wear Russian Accents. The book reveals her propensity for weaving together dark and light, humor and tragedy, in a range of poems that cover everything from the war in Ukraine to the experience of being stereotyped for her ability to speak Russian, the language of many American movie villains. 

Muschenetz initially thought that writing a book of poetry might be a onetime thing, the kind of undertaking that would allow her to check a box and move on. But as she was promoting her first book, she found herself fixating on a poem she hadn’t even written yet—one in the form of data that would spell out a word. The idea was eventually realized in “100% MOM.” 

100% MOM: A PowerPoint Poem about Women and Labor
Data sources include: “Life Stages and Populations by Sex,”CDC, NCHS; “Most pregnancy-related deaths are preventable, ”Hear Her Campaign, CDC, 2022; “The U.S. Maternal Mortality Crisis Continues to Worsen: An International Comparison, ”Commonwealth Fund, 2022; “The World’s Women 2020 Trends and Statistics,” United Nations; Oxfam International Inequality Reports: 2020, 2021; “Hard Work Is Not Enough: Women in Low-Paid Jobs,” National Women’s Law Center, July 2023. Detailed citations at technologyreview.com/Muschenetz.
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN WHALE ROAD REVIEW, SPRING 2023

That poem was the seed that grew into Power Point, and Muschenetz, whose poetry has been nominated for the Pushcart Prize three times, hasn’t looked back since. In addition to releasing that second volume of poetry, the product of what she calls the “analytic and overachieving brain” that helped her get through (and enjoy) business school, Muschenetz has used those same skills to help the poetry community in San Diego with some of the more practical needs, like grant writing, that are often lacking in communities of artists, says Katie Manning, a local poet and professor emeritus of poetry. 

Muschenetz is mostly just happy to have found a way to use poetry to keep integrating and honoring the many different parts of her identity, from immigrant to business consultant. 

“It is a huge disservice to all humanity when we ask our scientists or mathematicians or poets to only be that one thing, as opposed to being their whole selves,” she says. 


You Are 600% Hotter than the Sun
By Jane Muschenetz

A cup of the Sun’s core produces ~60 milliwatts
of thermal energy. By volume … less than that of
a human [350 mW]. In a sense, you are hotter than
the Sun—there’s just not as much of you. 

—Henry Reich, Minute Physics

Speaking roughly, in terms of heat
generated per every human inch, you give
off more milliwatts—surge/energy. Only
the Sun is bigger … it matters.
We are all blinded 
by love, the expanding/contracting
universe is just another metaphor
for longing, and life—its own purpose.
How dazzling, this science!
Consider falling for a physicist—
the painstakingly slow way they undress
mathematical mysteries,
talk about bodies in motion
gets me every time—space 
—continuum, part, particle—
Atomic. Incandescent! You
are, pound-for-pound, more Life-Source,
more Bomb, more Season-Spinning Searing Center
Heart/Engine/Radiating Nuclear Dynamic
than the Sun. Can’t look directly 
in the mirror? Small Wonder! Imagine—

none of us powerless.

Originally published by Cathexis Northwest Press, May 2024 


For Those of Us Forced to Flee
By Jane Muschenetz

For those of us forced to flee
the world is forever shrinking down to a single question:
What can you carry?
The suitcase of your heart closed tight
on all the things there was no room to bring—
your memories of “home,” the snowflake moments
of your youth, the blooming Lilac tree
outside your bedroom window … a heavy burden
saps your strength on the long journey, bring
only what you need.
Homes can be built again,
a new tree can be rooted.

Survive.

When you have nothing left to plant, become the seed.

Originally published in Issue 8, The Good Life Review, 2022. It received the 2022 Honeybee Poetry Prize and was nominated for a Pushcart Prize.

Find more poetry by Jane Muschenetz at www.palmfrondzoo.com/janewriting.

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ExxonMobil begins Turrum Phase 3 drilling off Australia’s east coast

@import url(‘https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Inter:[email protected]&display=swap’); a { color: var(–color-primary-main); } .ebm-page__main h1, .ebm-page__main h2, .ebm-page__main h3, .ebm-page__main h4, .ebm-page__main h5, .ebm-page__main h6 { font-family: Inter; } body { line-height: 150%; letter-spacing: 0.025em; font-family: Inter; } button, .ebm-button-wrapper { font-family: Inter; } .label-style { text-transform: uppercase; color: var(–color-grey); font-weight: 600; font-size: 0.75rem; } .caption-style { font-size: 0.75rem; opacity: .6; } #onetrust-pc-sdk [id*=btn-handler], #onetrust-pc-sdk [class*=btn-handler] { background-color: #c19a06 !important; border-color: #c19a06 !important; } #onetrust-policy a, #onetrust-pc-sdk a, #ot-pc-content a { color: #c19a06 !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-sdk .ot-active-menu { border-color: #c19a06 !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-accept-btn-handler, #onetrust-banner-sdk #onetrust-reject-all-handler, #onetrust-consent-sdk #onetrust-pc-btn-handler.cookie-setting-link { background-color: #c19a06 !important; border-color: #c19a06 !important; } #onetrust-consent-sdk .onetrust-pc-btn-handler { color: #c19a06 !important; border-color: #c19a06 !important; } Esso Australia Pty Ltd., a subsidiary of ExxonMobil Corp. and current operator of the Gippsland basin oil and gas fields in Bass Strait offshore eastern Victoria, has started drilling the Turrum Phase 3 project in Australia. This $350-million investment will see the VALARIS 107 jack-up rig drill five new wells into Turrum and North Turrum gas fields within Production License VIC/L03 to support Australia’s east coast domestic gas market. The new wells will be drilled from Marlin B platform, about 42 km off the Gippsland coastline, southeast of Lakes Entrance in water depths of about 60 m, according to a 2025 information bulletin.   <!–> Turrum Phase 3, which builds on nearly $1 billion in recent investment across the Gippsland basin, is expected to be online before winter 2027, the company said in a post to its LinkedIn account Mar. 24. In 2025, Esso made a final investment decision to develop the Turrum Phase 3 project targeting underdeveloped gas resources. The Gippsland Basin joint venture is a 50-50 partnership between Esso Australia Resources and Woodside Energy (Bass Strait) and operated by Esso Australia.  ]–><!–> ]–>

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The Golden Rule of the oil market: Understanding global price dynamics and emerging exceptions

Mark FinleyBaker Institute, Rice University  In recent weeks, questions surrounding the oil market crisis have been framed around a core principle described as the Golden Rule of the Oil Market: it is a global market. When conditions change anywhere—positively or negatively—prices respond everywhere. That framework helps explain why gasoline prices are rising in the US despite limited direct imports from the Middle East and the US’s status as a significant net exporter of oil. It also explains why oil cargoes that Iran permits to transit the Strait of Hormuz reduce Iran’s leverage over global oil prices, and by extension over US consumers and policymakers concerned about prices at the pump. Alongside its own exports, Iran has allowed a handful of additional tankers to transit the Strait, including several tankers destined for China and LPG shipments for India. The greater the volume of oil transiting the Strait, the smaller the disruption to the global oil market and the less upward pressure on global prices. The same logic applies to US efforts to ease sanctions on Iranian and Russian oil cargoes already at sea, which are unlikely to provide meaningful relief for rising oil prices. Under the Golden Rule, those barrels—having already been produced and shipped—would have found buyers regardless of sanctions, with price discounts sufficient to offset the risk of US penalties, as has been the case for Russian oil since 2022. Exceptions The Golden Rule has described oil market dynamics effectively for decades. However, a small number of potential exceptions have begun to emerge. For now, those exceptions remain relatively inconsequential, though larger risks may be developing. The non-market player There are two ways that supply and demand can be equalized. In a global market, it is achieved by price changes. Prices rise or fall to ensure that there is

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Executive Roundtable: The AI Infrastructure Credibility Test

For the fourth installment of DCF’s Executive Roundtable for the First Quarter of 2026, we turn to a question that increasingly sits alongside power and capital as a defining constraint. Credibility. As AI-driven data center development accelerates, public scrutiny is rising in parallel. Communities, regulators, and policymakers are taking a closer look at the industry’s footprintin terms of its energy consumption, its land use, and its broader impact on local infrastructure and ratepayers. What was once a relatively low-profile sector has become a visible and, at times, contested presence in regional economies. This shift reflects the sheer scale of the current build cycle. Multi-hundred-megawatt and gigawatt campuses are no longer theoretical in any sense. They are actively being proposed and constructed across key markets. With that scale comes heightened expectations around transparency, accountability, and tangible community benefit. At the same time, the industry faces a more complex regulatory and political landscape. Questions around grid capacity, rate structures, environmental impact, and economic incentives are increasingly being debated in public forums, from state utility commissions to local zoning boards. In this environment, the ability to secure approvals is no longer assured, even in historically favorable markets. The concept of a “social license to operate” has therefore moved to the forefront. Beyond technical execution, developers and operators must now demonstrate that AI infrastructure can be deployed in a way that aligns with community priorities and delivers shared value. In this roundtable, our panel of industry leaders explores what will define that credibility in the years ahead and what the data center industry must do to sustain its momentum in an era of growing public scrutiny.

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International Data Center Day: Future Frontiers 2030-2070

In honor of this year’s International Data Center Day 2026 (Mar 25), Data Center Frontier presents a forward-looking vision of what the next era of digital infrastructure education—and imagination—could become. As the media partner of 7×24 Exchange, DCF is committed to elevating both the technical rigor and the human story behind the systems that power the AI age. What follows is not reportage, but a plausible future: a narrative exploration of how the next generation might learn to build, operate, and ultimately redefine data centers—from tabletop scale to lunar megacampuses. International Data Center Day, 2030 The Little Grid That Could They called it “Build the Cloud.” Which, to the adults in the room, sounded like branding. To the kids, it sounded literal. On a gymnasium floor somewhere in suburban Ohio (though it could just as easily have been Osaka, or Rotterdam, or Lagos) thirty-two teams of middle school students crouched over sprawling tabletop worlds the size of model train layouts. Only these weren’t towns with plastic trees and HO-scale diners. These were data centers. Tiny ones. Living ones. Or trying to be. Each team had been given the same kit six weeks earlier: modular rack frames no taller than a juice box, fiber spools thin as thread, micro solar arrays, a handful of millimeter-scale wind turbines, and a small fleet of programmable robotic “operators”—wheeled, jointed, blinking with LED status lights. The assignment had been deceptively simple: Design, build, and operate a self-sustaining data center campus. Then make it come alive. Now it was International Data Center Day, 2030, and the judging had begun. The Sound of Small Machines Thinking If you stood at the edge of the gym and closed your eyes, it didn’t sound like a science fair. It sounded like… something else. A low hum of micro-inverters stepping

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Superconducting the AI Era: Rethinking Power Delivery for Gigawatt Data Centers

For the data center industry, the AI era has already rewritten the rules around capital deployment, site selection, and infrastructure scale. But as the build cycle accelerates into the gigawatt range, a deeper constraint is coming into focus; one that sits beneath generation, beneath interconnection queues, and even beneath permitting. It is the physical act of moving power. The challenge is no longer simply how to procure energy, but how to deliver it efficiently from the grid edge to the campus, across buildings, and ultimately into racks that are themselves becoming industrial-scale power consumers. In this emerging reality, traditional copper-based distribution systems are beginning to show signs of strain not just economically, but physically. In the latest episode of the Data Center Frontier Show Podcast, MetOx CEO Bud Vos frames this moment as a structural turning point for the industry, one where superconducting technologies may begin to shift from theoretical to practical. “When you start looking at gigawatt-type campuses,” Vos explains, “you find three fundamental constraints in the power distribution problem: the grid interconnect, the campus distribution, and then delivery inside the data hall.” Each of these layers compounds the difficulty of scaling infrastructure in a copper-based world. More capacity means more cables, more trenching, more materials, and more complexity in an exponential expansion of the physical systems required to support AI workloads. A Different Kind of Conductor High-temperature superconducting (HTS) wire offers a radically different path forward. Developed from research originating at the University of Houston and now manufactured through advanced thin-film processes, HTS replaces bulk conductive material with a highly efficient layered structure capable of carrying dramatically higher current densities. Vos describes the manufacturing approach in familiar terms for a data center audience: “You can think of it as a semiconductor process. We’re creating thin film depositions on

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DCF Poll: AI Data Center Assumptions

Matt Vincent is Editor in Chief of Data Center Frontier, where he leads editorial strategy and coverage focused on the infrastructure powering cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and the digital economy. A veteran B2B technology journalist with more than two decades of experience, Vincent specializes in the intersection of data centers, power, cooling, and emerging AI-era infrastructure. Since assuming the EIC role in 2023, he has helped guide Data Center Frontier’s coverage of the industry’s transition into the gigawatt-scale AI era, with a focus on hyperscale development, behind-the-meter power strategies, liquid cooling architectures, and the evolving energy demands of high-density compute, while working closely with the Digital Infrastructure Group at Endeavor Business Media to expand the brand’s analytical and multimedia footprint. Vincent also hosts The Data Center Frontier Show podcast, where he interviews industry leaders across hyperscale, colocation, utilities, and the data center supply chain to examine the technologies and business models reshaping digital infrastructure. Since its inception he serves as Head of Content for the Data Center Frontier Trends Summit. Before becoming Editor in Chief, he served in multiple senior editorial roles across Endeavor Business Media’s digital infrastructure portfolio, with coverage spanning data centers and hyperscale infrastructure, structured cabling and networking, telecom and datacom, IP physical security, and wireless and Pro AV markets. He began his career in 2005 within PennWell’s Advanced Technology Division and later held senior editorial positions supporting brands such as Cabling Installation & Maintenance, Lightwave Online, Broadband Technology Report, and Smart Buildings Technology. Vincent is a frequent moderator, interviewer, and keynote speaker at industry events including the HPC Forum, where he delivers forward-looking analysis on how AI and high-performance computing are reshaping digital infrastructure. He graduated with honors from Indiana University Bloomington with a B.A. in English Literature and Creative Writing and lives in southern New Hampshire with

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A Faster Path to Power: What Natrium’s NRC Approval Means for AI Infrastructure

The race to build AI infrastructure at scale has exposed a deeper constraint than capital or compute: power that can be delivered on predictable timelines. That constraint is now colliding with a system that has historically moved at the pace of decades. But in early March, a key signal emerged that the equation may be starting to change. A Regulatory Breakthrough at the Moment of Peak Power Demand TerraPower’s Natrium reactor cleared a major milestone with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which approved a construction permit for Kemmerer Power Station Unit 1 in Wyoming, representing the company’s first commercial-scale plant. It is the first reactor construction approval the NRC has granted in nearly a decade, and the first for a commercial non-light-water reactor in more than 40 years. More significantly, it is the first advanced reactor to reach this stage under the modern U.S. licensing framework. For an industry increasingly defined by gigawatt-scale AI campuses and compressed build cycles, that milestone lands with unusual timing. Construction Approved — But Not Yet ‘Power Delivered’ The distinction between construction approval and operational readiness is critical. TerraPower has not received a license to generate electricity. What the NRC has granted is permission to begin nuclear-related construction at the Kemmerer site, following safety and environmental review. Before the plant can operate, TerraPower’s subsidiary, US SFR Owner, must still secure a separate operating license. But in practical terms, this is the moment when a project transitions from concept to execution. It is a regulatory green light not for power generation, but for steel, concrete, and capital deployment. And in the context of advanced nuclear, that step has historically been the hardest to reach. An 18-Month Signal to the Market The speed of that approval may ultimately matter as much as the approval itself. TerraPower submitted its construction

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Return of the PTT: Poste Italiane looks to snap up telco TIM

Poste Italiane sees opportunities in reuniting with the former state-owned telecommunications business: “The creation of an integrated group strategic pillar for the national economy, Italy’s largest connected infrastructure with leading positions in financial and insurance services,” it said in a news release. The company is looking to build some complementary services. “The transaction aims to scale and enhance Poste Italiane’s platform by adding three significant assets: a nationwide fixed and mobile network, a leading position in the country’s cloud and data center infrastructure and the ability to offer secure and seamless connectivity to all stakeholders,” it said. Poste Italiane was already the largest stakeholder in TIM and, as the government is the largest stakeholder in Poste Italiane, we’re getting back to the status quo of the 1980s. There is no sign, however, of other European governments following suit.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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