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Shell Closes Acquisition of Gas Plant in Rhode Island

Shell plc subsidiary Shell Energy North America (US), L.P. (SENA) has completed the 100% equity stake acquisition of RISEC Holdings, LLC (RISEC), which owns a 609-megawatt (MW) two-unit combined-cycle gas turbine power plant in Rhode Island, USA. RISEC’s two-unit combined-cycle gas turbine power plant has an average operating capacity of 594 MW. Serving the ISO […]

Shell plc subsidiary Shell Energy North America (US), L.P. (SENA) has completed the 100% equity stake acquisition of RISEC Holdings, LLC (RISEC), which owns a 609-megawatt (MW) two-unit combined-cycle gas turbine power plant in Rhode Island, USA.

RISEC’s two-unit combined-cycle gas turbine power plant has an average operating capacity of 594 MW. Serving the ISO New England market, the plant is located outside Providence, Rhode Island, and has been in operation since its completion in 2002.

Shell said in a news release that the acquisition “maintains SENA’s position in the deregulated Independent System Operator New England (ISO New England) power market, securing long-term supply and capacity offtake for Shell”.

Further, Shell noted that power demand is expected to increase in the ISO New England market due to growing decarbonization efforts in sectors such as home heating and transportation in the coming decades. The company will continue an energy supply agreement that has been in place since 2019.

The acquisition was absorbed within Shell’s cash capital expenditure guidance, which remains unchanged, according to the release. The acquisition, first announced in October 2024, is also projected to generate an internal rate of return well above the hurdle rate set for Shell’s Power business. The financial details were not disclosed.

“Shell has had a successful integrated gas and power business in the growing ISO New England market for over 20 years, and this acquisition secures valuable trading opportunities by guaranteeing SENA’s position in the market,” Huibert Vigeveno, Shell Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions Director, said in an earlier statement. “Our strong understanding of this plant’s performance positions Shell to capitalize on its value within our existing trading portfolio.”

Prior to the transaction, the parent company of RISEC was 51 percent owned by funds managed by global investment firm Carlyle. The remaining 49 percent owner of RISEC was EGCO RISEC II, LLC, a subsidiary of Electricity Generating Public Company Limited (EGCO), a Thai public limited company.

SENA describes itself as a full-service energy company providing energy solutions across all aspects of the market. SENA has been active in the North American wholesale energy markets for over 25 years and is a market leader in wholesale and retail power, natural gas, and environmental products.

Meanwhile, on the downstream front, Shell and China National Offshore Oil Corp. (CNOOC) are expanding their petrochemical complex in Daya Bay, Huizhou, south China, in order to meet domestic demand.

The expansion includes a third ethylene cracker with a planned capacity of 1.6 million metric tons a year and associated downstream derivatives units to produce chemicals including linear alpha olefins, according to an earlier news release. A new facility is also planned, aiming to produce 320,000 metric tons per annum of high-performance specialty chemicals such as polycarbonates and carbonate solvents. The two companies expect to finish construction in 2028.

The facility is operated by CNOOC and Shell Petrochemicals Co. Ltd, a 50-50 venture between Shell subsidiary Shell Nanhai BV and CNOOC subsidiary CNOOC Petrochemicals Investment Ltd.

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AWS stealthily raises GPU prices by 15 percent

Amazon Web Services (AWS) raised the prices of its GPU instances for machine learning by around 15 percent this weekend, without warning, reports The Register. The price increase applies in particular to EC2 Capacity Blocks for ML, where, for example, the cost of the p5e.48xlarge instance rose from $ 34.61

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Burgum Says VEN Oil Revival Won’t Rely on Funding From USA

The Trump administration is unlikely to provide financial support to help US oil companies revitalize Venezuela’s oil sector, Interior Secretary Doug Burgum said Friday, throwing cold water on hopes the multibillion-dollar effort would be subsidized by the US government.  “The capital is going to come from the capital markets and come from the energy companies,” Burgum, who also leads the White House’s National Energy Dominance Council, told Bloomberg Television. “I don’t see that these companies are going to need support from the US, other than things around security. If we can provide a secure, stable environment, the resource here is so significant and so large that it’s going to be attractive for people to go in and develop.”  Burgum’s remarks come after President Donald Trump previously suggested the effort, estimated to cost upwards of $100 billion over the next decade, could be reimbursed by the US. The president on Monday told NBC News “a tremendous amount of money will have to be spent and the oil companies will spend it, and then they’ll get reimbursed by us or through revenue.” Oil companies, which are set to meet with Trump, Burgum and other administration officials at the White House later Friday, have been wary of committing tens of billions of dollars to Venezuela over the next decade. Executives have sought assurances on physical and financial security amid concerns about the stability of a post-Nicolás Maduro government.  Energy Secretary Chris Wright said on Fox News Friday the US Export-Import Bank could be used to provide credit support.  “I have been deluged with companies interested to go to Venezuela, and so far, no one’s asked for money,” Wright said in response to a question about providing direct grants to oil firms. “What they want is the US to use our leverage to make

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Texas Oil, Gas Industry Employed Nearly 500K Texans in 2025

The Texas oil and natural gas industry employed 495,501 Texans last year, according to the Texas Oil & Gas Association’s (TXOGA) 2025 Energy and Economic Impact report, which was released this week. The sector that employed the most workers in 2025 was ‘support activities for oil and gas operations’, with 110,612 employees, followed by ‘gasoline stations with convenience stores’, with 81,268 employees, and ‘oil and gas pipeline and related structures construction’, with 50,667 employees, the report showed. ‘Crude petroleum extraction’ ranked as the oil and gas sector with the fourth most employees in 2025, with 49,187, and ‘oil and gas field machinery and equipment’ ranked fifth, with 29,280, the report revealed. TXOGA stated in the report that “every direct job in the Texas oil and natural gas industry creates approximately two additional jobs”, outlining that “1.4 million total jobs [were] supported across the Texas economy” in 2025. Texas oil and natural gas employers paid an average of $133,095 per job in 2025, according to the report, which noted that this was 68 percent more than the average paid by the rest of Texas’ private sector. The report showed that oil and gas taxes came in at $54,481 per employee last year, while “all other sector taxes” were $7,225 per employee. “Based on the combined state and local taxes and state royalties attributable to the industry, the oil and natural gas industry pays far more per employee than the average across all other Texas private-sector industries,” TXOGA stated in its report. According to TXOGA’s latest report, in 2025, the Texas oil and natural gas industry paid state and local taxes and state royalties totaling $27.0 billion. TXOGA pointed out in the report that this equates to nearly $74 million every day. A statement sent to Rigzone by the TXOGA team this

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Nodal Hits Record Annual Volumes in Power, Environmental Markets

Nodal Exchange LLC, a derivatives trading platform for North American commodity markets, saw 3.1 billion megawatt hours (MWh) of power futures and 749,222 lots of environmental futures and options traded in 2025, achieving new annual highs. Power futures traded last year on the Tysons, Virginia-based exchange rose four percent year-on-year to 3.1 billion MWh. The December volume of 235 million MWh was up 29 percent from December 2024, Nodal said in an online statement Thursday. “Nodal continues to be the market leader in North American monthly power futures having 56 percent of the open interest with 1.51 billion MWh at the end of 2025”, Nodal said. “The open interest represents over $166 billion of notional value (both sides)”. Meanwhile environmental market open interest ended 2025 at a record 391,264 lots, up one percent from 2024. “December deliveries of 37,173 lots marked the fifth-largest delivery month for environmental products on Nodal”, Nodal said. “Renewable energy certificate futures and options posted volume of 465,189 lots in 2025, up 11 percent from a year earlier and ended the year with open interest of 323,591 lots, up 10 percent. “Nodal continues to expand environmental offerings having over 68 percent of the North American Renewable Energy Certificate market measured in clean MWh generation. “Nodal, in collaboration with IncubEx, launched several new environmental futures contracts in 2025, including Auction Clearing Price contracts for California, Washington and RGGI carbon allowances.  Nodal was the first exchange to launch PJM Emission Free Energy Certificate Futures, which allow for delivery of nuclear energy certificates alongside hydro. Other new launches included Virginia In-State Compliance REC Futures, New York Environmental Disclosure Program REC Futures and Alberta TIER EPC Options”. For natural gas, traded volumes last year totaled 958 trillion British thermal units (TBtu), Nodal said. Traded gas volumes in January-November 2025 reached a

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30 Pct of Oil Reserves Might be Consolidated Under US Influence

Around 30 percent of global oil reserves might be consolidated under U.S. influence. That’s what J.P. Morgan analysts, including the company’s head of global commodities strategy Natasha Kaneva, stated in a J.P. Morgan research note sent to Rigzone by Kaneva this week. “Combined oil reserves from Venezuela, Guyana, and the U.S. could give the U.S. about 30 percent of global oil reserves if consolidated under its influence,” the analysts said in the note. The J.P. Morgan analysts highlighted in the research note that Venezuela holds the world’s largest oil reserves, “particularly heavy crude needed by U.S. refiners”. “With 303 billion barrels of proven crude oil reserves, Venezuela represents nearly 20 percent of global reserves as of 2024 – more than any other country,” they pointed out. “If Guyana’s rapidly expanding discoveries are considered alongside U.S. conventional and unconventional reserves, the combined total could position the U.S. as a leading holder of global oil reserves, potentially accounting for about 30 percent of the world’s total if these figures are consolidated under U.S. influence,” they added. The analysts stated in the note that this would mark a notable shift in global energy dynamics. “With greater access to and influence over a substantial portion of global reserves, the U.S. could potentially exert more control over oil market trends, helping to stabilize prices and keep them within historically lower ranges,” the analysts said. “This increased leverage would not only enhance U.S. energy security but could also reshape the balance of power in international energy markets,” they added. In the note, the J.P. Morgan analysts revealed that they continue to maintain their view that “a regime change in Venezuela would immediately represent one of the largest upside risks to the global oil supply outlook for 2026-2027 and beyond”. “With a political transition, Venezuela could raise

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Equinor Dishes Out Supplier Agreements Worth $10B

Equinor revealed, in a statement posted on its website on Thursday, that it has awarded 12 framework agreements to seven supplier companies with a total value of around NOK 100 billion ($9.9 billion). The company highlighted in the statement that these new framework agreements are for maintenance and modifications on the company’s offshore installations and onshore plants. The supplier companies comprise Aibel AS, Aker Solutions AS, Wood Group Norway, Apply AS, Rosenberg Worley AS, Head Energy AS, and IKM Gruppen AS, Equinor revealed. Agreements start in the first half of this year, have a duration of five years, and include extension options of three and two years, Equinor pointed out in its statement. The company noted that the final portfolio distribution will be assigned when the contracts are signed, which it revealed “is planned in week four”. “These agreements lay the foundation for safe and competitive operations at Equinor’s offshore installations and onshore plants in the years to come,” Equinor said in the statement. “The agreements create predictability and ripple effects for the Norwegian supplier industry across the country,” it added. In its statement, Equinor revealed that, “to support the ambition of maintaining production around 1.2 million barrels of oil equivalent per day (2020 level) on the Norwegian continental shelf towards 2035”, the company is planning a series of actions. These include investing “about NOK 60-70 billion” ($5.9 billion to $6.9 billion) annually in increased recovery and new fields on the Norwegian continental shelf, drilling “around 250 exploration wells and about 600 wells for increased recovery”, performing 300 well interventions annually and “around 2,500 modification projects”, and maturing and developing over 75 subsea developments that can be tied to existing infrastructure, the statement outlined. They also include reducing the company’s own greenhouse gas emissions towards nearly 50 percent by 2030,

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Iberdrola Ups Dividend after Reaching $146B Capitalization

Iberdrola SA on Thursday declared an interim dividend of EUR 0.253 ($0.29) per share for 2025 results, up from the minimum of EUR 0.25 it announced October. Earlier the Spanish power and gas utility said it reached EUR 125 billion ($145.55 billion) in stock market value at the start of 2026, having increased its capitalization by nearly 40 percent in 2025. “The company is once again offering its shareholders three options in this edition of Iberdrola Flexible Remuneration: to receive the interim dividend amount in cash; to sell their allocation rights on the market; or to obtain new bonus shares from the group free of charge”, it said in an online statement, adding the options can be combined. Shareholders who opt for cash are to receive the interim dividend February 2. “Shareholders who opt to receive new shares must have 73 free allocation rights to receive a new share in the company”, Iberdrola said. The dividend announced Thursday would be backed by a supplementary dividend Iberdrola plans to pay in July if approved at its general shareholders’ meeting, it said. “In order to implement this new edition of the remuneration system, a capital increase with a maximum reference market value of EUR 1.713 billion will be carried out”, it said. Iberdrola said Tuesday it is now the top utility in Europe by market capitalization and the second-biggest in the world. It noted the milestone was achieved in the year marking the 125th anniversary of its founding as Hidroeléctrica Ibérica. According to its latest quarterly report, Iberdrola produced 96,047 gigawatt hours (GWh) net in the first nine months of 2025, with renewable energy accounting for 66,254 GWh. Spain led geographically, accounting for 48,794 GWh of Iberdrola’s total net production in the period. It was followed by the United States (18,436 GWh). Mexico was

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DCF Poll: Analyzing AI Data Center Growth

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JLL’s 2026 Global Data Center Outlook: Navigating the AI Supercycle, Power Scarcity and Structural Market Transformation

Sovereign AI and National Infrastructure Policy JLL frames artificial intelligence infrastructure as an emerging national strategic asset, with sovereign AI initiatives representing an estimated $8 billion in cumulative capital expenditure by 2030. While modest relative to hyperscale investment totals, this segment carries outsized strategic importance. Data localization mandates, evolving AI regulation, and national security considerations are increasingly driving governments to prioritize domestic compute capacity, often with pricing premiums reaching as high as 60%. Examples cited across Europe, the Middle East, North America, and Asia underscore a consistent pattern: digital sovereignty is no longer an abstract policy goal, but a concrete driver of data center siting, ownership structures, and financing models. In practice, sovereign AI initiatives are accelerating demand for locally controlled infrastructure, influencing where capital is deployed and how assets are underwritten. For developers and investors, this shift introduces a distinct set of considerations. Sovereign projects tend to favor jurisdictional alignment, long-term tenancy, and enhanced security requirements, while also benefiting from regulatory tailwinds and, in some cases, direct state involvement. As AI capabilities become more tightly linked to economic competitiveness and national resilience, policy-driven demand is likely to remain a durable (if specialized) component of global data center growth. Energy and Sustainability as the Central Constraint Energy availability emerges as the report’s dominant structural constraint. In many major markets, average grid interconnection timelines now extend beyond four years, effectively decoupling data center development schedules from traditional utility planning cycles. As a result, operators are increasingly pursuing alternative energy strategies to maintain project momentum, including: Behind-the-meter generation Expanded use of natural gas, particularly in the United States Private-wire renewable energy projects Battery energy storage systems (BESS) JLL points to declining battery costs, seen falling below $90 per kilowatt-hour in select deployments, as a meaningful enabler of grid flexibility, renewable firming, and

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SoftBank, DigitalBridge, and Stargate: The Next Phase of OpenAI’s Infrastructure Strategy

OpenAI framed Stargate as an AI infrastructure platform; a mechanism to secure long-duration, frontier-scale compute across both training and inference by coordinating capital, land, power, and supply chain with major partners. When OpenAI announced Stargate in January 2025, the headline commitment was explicit: an intention to invest up to $500 billion over four to five years to build new AI infrastructure in the U.S., with $100 billion targeted for near-term deployment. The strategic backdrop in 2025 was straightforward. OpenAI’s model roadmap—larger models, more agents, expanded multimodality, and rising enterprise workloads—was driving a compute curve increasingly difficult to satisfy through conventional cloud procurement alone. Stargate emerged as a form of “control plane” for: Capacity ownership and priority access, rather than simply renting GPUs. Power-first site selection, encompassing grid interconnects, generation, water access, and permitting. A broader partner ecosystem beyond Microsoft, while still maintaining a working relationship with Microsoft for cloud capacity where appropriate. 2025 Progress: From Launch to Portfolio Buildout January 2025: Stargate Launches as a National-Scale Initiative OpenAI publicly launched Project Stargate on Jan. 21, 2025, positioning it as a national-scale AI infrastructure initiative. At this early stage, the work was less about construction and more about establishing governance, aligning partners, and shaping a public narrative in which compute was framed as “industrial policy meets real estate meets energy,” rather than simply an exercise in buying more GPUs. July 2025: Oracle Partnership Anchors a 4.5-GW Capacity Step On July 22, 2025, OpenAI announced that Stargate had advanced through a partnership with Oracle to develop 4.5 gigawatts of additional U.S. data center capacity. The scale of the commitment marked a clear transition from conceptual ambition to site- and megawatt-level planning. A figure of this magnitude reshaped the narrative. At 4.5 GW, Stargate forced alignment across transformers, transmission upgrades, switchgear, long-lead cooling

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Lenovo unveils purpose-built AI inferencing servers

There is also the Lenovo ThinkSystem SR650i, which offers high-density GPU computing power for faster AI inference and is intended for easy installation in existing data centers to work with existing systems. Finally, there is the Lenovo ThinkEdge SE455i for smaller, edge locations such as retail outlets, telecom sites, and industrial facilities. Its compact design allows for low-latency AI inference close to where data is generated and is rugged enough to operate in temperatures ranging from -5°C to 55°C. All of the servers include Lenovo’s Neptune air- and liquid-cooling technology and are available through the TruScale pay-as-you-go pricing model. In addition to the new hardware, Lenovo introduced new AI Advisory Services with AI Factory Integration. This service gives access to professionals for identifying, deploying, and managing best-fit AI Inferencing servers. It also launched Premier Support Plus, a service that gives professional assistance in data center management, freeing up IT resources for more important projects.

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Samsung warns of memory shortages driving industry-wide price surge in 2026

SK Hynix reported during its October earnings call that its HBM, DRAM, and NAND capacity is “essentially sold out” for 2026, while Micron recently exited the consumer memory market entirely to focus on enterprise and AI customers. Enterprise hardware costs surge The supply constraints have translated directly into sharp price increases across enterprise hardware. Samsung raised prices for 32GB DDR5 modules to $239 from $149 in September, a 60% increase, while contract pricing for DDR5 has surged more than 100%, reaching $19.50 per unit compared to around $7 earlier in 2025. DRAM prices have already risen approximately 50% year to date and are expected to climb another 30% in Q4 2025, followed by an additional 20% in early 2026, according to Counterpoint Research. The firm projected that DDR5 64GB RDIMM modules, widely used in enterprise data centers, could cost twice as much by the end of 2026 as they did in early 2025. Gartner forecast DRAM prices to increase by 47% in 2026 due to significant undersupply in both traditional and legacy DRAM markets, Chauhan said. Procurement leverage shifts to hyperscalers The pricing pressures and supply constraints are reshaping the power dynamics in enterprise procurement. For enterprise procurement, supplier size no longer guarantees stability. “As supply becomes more contested in 2026, procurement leverage will hinge less on volume and more on strategic alignment,” Rawat said. Hyperscale cloud providers secure supply through long-term commitments, capacity reservations, and direct fab investments, obtaining lower costs and assured availability. Mid-market firms rely on shorter contracts and spot sourcing, competing for residual capacity after large buyers claim priority supply.

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Eight Trends That Will Shape the Data Center Industry in 2026

For much of the past decade, the data center industry has been able to speak in broad strokes. Growth was strong. Demand was durable. Power was assumed to arrive eventually. And “the data center” could still be discussed as a single, increasingly important, but largely invisible, piece of digital infrastructure. That era is ending. As the industry heads into 2026, the dominant forces shaping data center development are no longer additive. They are interlocking and increasingly unforgiving. AI drives density. Density drives cooling. Cooling and density drive power. Power drives site selection, timelines, capital structure, and public response. And once those forces converge, they pull the industry into places it has not always had to operate comfortably: utility planning rooms, regulatory hearings, capital committee debates, and community negotiations. The throughline of this year’s forecast is clarity: Clarity about workload classes. Clarity about physics. Clarity about risk. And clarity about where the industry’s assumptions may no longer hold. One of the most important shifts entering 2026 is that it may increasingly no longer be accurate, or useful, to talk about “data centers” as a single category. What public discourse often lumps together now conceals two very different realities: AI factories built around sustained, power-dense GPU utilization, and general-purpose data centers supporting a far more elastic mix of cloud, enterprise, storage, and interconnection workloads. That distinction is no longer academic. It is shaping how projects are financed, how power is delivered, how facilities are cooled, and how communities respond. It’s also worth qualifying a line we’ve used before, and still stand by in spirit: that every data center is becoming an AI data center. In 2026, we feel that statement is best understood more as a trajectory, and less a design brief. AI is now embedded across the data center stack: in

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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