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Sullom Voe workers secure union recognition agreement

Around 30 workers at the Sullom Voe oil and gas terminal on Shetland have backed a union recognition agreement with their employer Sodexo. The Unite union said the workers, who provide catering and facility management services, voluntarily negotiated with Sodexo. The union members include workers in roles such as catering, cleaning, warehouse and logistics, garage […]

Around 30 workers at the Sullom Voe oil and gas terminal on Shetland have backed a union recognition agreement with their employer Sodexo.

The Unite union said the workers, who provide catering and facility management services, voluntarily negotiated with Sodexo.

The union members include workers in roles such as catering, cleaning, warehouse and logistics, garage services, and pest control.

Unite industrial officer Isabella Sutherland said the Sodexo agreement is “another big step forward for all workers” at the EnQuest-operated oil terminal.

“We are pleased that the agreement was voluntarily negotiated with the company and it was overwhelmingly backed by our members,” Sutherland said.

“The agreement provides a stronger platform for Unite to secure better working conditions for our members across Sullom Voe.”

The Sodexo agreement comes after Unite negotiated a separate agreement covering around 20 Wilson James Security employees.

The workers provide security services on site for EnQuest to patrol the premises in order to ensure the security and safety at the Sullom Voe terminal.

Unite general secretary Sharon Graham said the union is “driving up the quality of jobs, pay and conditions in the Shetlands”.

The recognition agreements follow numerous rounds of industrial action at the Sullom Voe terminal in recent years.

Last year, dozens of Worley employees staged a 24-hour walkout at Sullom Voe in a dispute over pay and working conditions.

Meanwhile, around 30 Equans employees at Sullom Voe secured a new wage deal in February last year which included a 9% wage uplift

Sodexo has been approached for comment.

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India takes first big step in Quantum Computing supremacy race

The broader vision is to create high-end jobs, attract global investment, and enable enterprises to solve previously intractable problems — such as drug discovery and real-time logistics optimization — through quantum-powered solutions. The new tech park at Amaravati will host research labs, startup incubators, and training programs to build a

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Pantheon of college football gets a Wi-Fi upgrade

Notre Dame has fully adopted mobile ticketing and introduced grab-and-go concession stands, with plans to expand them further. Alcohol sales were recently approved, prompting efforts to support new services like mobile carts. In premium areas, fans can stream various games during events. Notre Dame also tested mobile ordering for concessions

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The U.S. leads the world in AI (job) anxiety

The Americans have the highest search volume with a population-adjusted value of 440,000 search queries on the topic of AI job loss, while their attitude towards AI is moderately positive at 54.5%. The intensity score of 3 for the U.S. shows that the concern of losing jobs to AI is

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Tigera extends cloud-native networking with Calico 3.30

This logging capability is exposed through two new components: Goldmane: A gRPC-based API endpoint that aggregates flow logs from Calico’s Felix component, which runs on each node. Whisker: A web-based visualization tool built with React and TypeScript that connects to the Goldmane API. The combination of these components provides detailed

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Amigo LNG Signs 15-Year LNG Agreement with Oman’s OQ Trading

Amigo LNG S.A. de C.V., the Mexican subsidiary of Singapore-based LNG Alliance, has signed a definitive 15-year liquefied natural gas (LNG) sales and purchase agreement (SPA) with Oman. Under the agreement signed with OQ Trading (OQT), the international energy and commodity trading vehicle of the Oman government, OQT will purchase 0.6 million metric tons per annum (mtpa) of LNG free on board from Amigo LNG’s export terminal in Sonora, Mexico. The first LNG deliveries under the agreement are expected to begin in the second quarter of 2028, LNG Alliance said in a news release. The long-term supply partnership “represents a strategic move by OQT to diversify its LNG sourcing portfolio beyond the Middle East and Asia while marking a significant milestone in Amigo LNG’s global commercialization strategy,” according to the release. Amigo LNG’s facility, which is designed for a nameplate capacity of 7.8 mtpa, is being developed in close collaboration with the SEMAR’s (Secretaría de la Marina) modernization plan for the Port of Guaymas and is fully backed by the Government of Sonora as a cornerstone project of Mexico’s Plan Sonora gas strategy. The project will contribute to regional economic development, support Mexico’s maritime goals, and serve as a gateway for clean energy access for Asia, LNG Alliance said. “This SPA with Amigo LNG represents a significant step forward in OQT’s strategy to develop a global LNG portfolio,” OQT CEO Wail Al Jamali said. “By securing supply from trusted partners, we continue to diversify our LNG sources, strengthen the resilience of our energy supply chain, and reinforce our long-term commitment to providing cleaner, more reliable energy solutions for our customers in the evolving energy landscape”. “We are proud to partner with OQT, a globally respected player in the energy sector,” LNG Alliance CEO Muthu Chezhian said. “This agreement reinforces Amigo

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Karoon Closes Acquisition of Bauna FPSO Offshore Brazil

Karoon Energy Ltd’s Brazilian subsidiary, Karoon Petróleo & Gás Ltda., has completed the acquisition of the Baúna floating production, storage and offloading vessel (FPSO), the Cidade de Itajaí, from Altera & Ocyan (A&O). The total consideration for the FPSO was $115 million plus approximately $8 million in transaction costs, with the final payment of $85 million made on April 30, Karoon said in a news release. The company said it signed a transition services agreement with A&O to ensure continuity of operations and a smooth handover process as Karoon assumes greater operational control of the FPSO, which operates in the southern post-salt region of the Santos Basin, Brazil. The tender process for a new service provider(s), who will support Karoon as operator of the FPSO into the future, is “progressing as planned” and is expected to be completed in mid-2025, the company said. Karoon Managing Director and CEO Julian Fowles said, “Taking ownership of the Cidade de Itajaí FPSO marks a significant milestone in Karoon’s evolution over the past five years from an explorer to an operator of offshore oil and gas production assets. Owning the FPSO gives Karoon direct strategic control over the facility. This will enhance our ability to manage operational performance and reduce long-term operating costs, as well as provide us with greater flexibility to revitalize the facility, thereby potentially extending field life and increasing the value of the Baúna Project. We are grateful to A&O for their partnership and support throughout the sale and transition process and look forward to continuing our focus on safe, reliable and efficient operations”. The Cidade de Itajaí FPSO has been operating on the Baúna project production since the field came onstream in 2013. It has a nameplate fluid handling capacity of approximately 80,000 barrels of liquid per day and a

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Spain’s power crisis is a warning – Scotland must learn or risk the same fate

Just over a week ago, Spain’s electricity grid faltered. Portugal quickly followed. In the media, speculation swirled: Was it a cyber attack? Sabotage? Hackers? No. Investigations continue, yet the truth looks simpler and far more worrying: this was a failure of energy planning. The power outage that took down two national grids wasn’t caused by some hostile force – it was caused by a sudden drop in renewable energy output and a failure to back it up with sufficient storage. This wasn’t a freak event. It was entirely foreseeable. And unless Scotland, and the wider UK, get serious about balancing its own energy system, we’re next. I’ve spent over 30 years in the roofing and renewable energy sector, and I’ve never seen a more urgent need for honest, practical thinking about our energy future. We’re electrifying more of our economy – transport, homes, industry. But we’re not updating our energy infrastructure with the same urgency or realism. The fundamental truth is this: renewables are intermittent, and we ignore that at our peril. When the sun disappears behind the clouds, solar output drops in seconds. When the wind dies down – as it often does during periods of high pressure – turbines stop turning. In Spain, this happened in real time, and without a balanced backup in place, the system couldn’t cope. The frequency of the grid dipped below its 50 Hz threshold, and everything dropped or stopped. This concept – grid frequency and system “balance” – may sound technical, but it’s absolutely central to keeping the lights on. It’s not enough to simply generate clean electricity. We must balance the generating technologies we deploy, and we need to balance generation with storage. Without this, the more we depend on renewables, the more fragile our system becomes. Pumped hydro In Scotland,

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How Much Oil and Gas Did ExxonMobil Produce in Q1?

In its first quarter 2025 results statement, which was published on its website recently, ExxonMobil revealed its oil and gas production figures for the first quarter of this year. According to that statement, the company’s output averaged 4.551 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in the first quarter of 2025. ExxonMobil’s production came in at 4.602 million barrels of oil equivalent per day in the fourth quarter of 2024 and 3.784 million barrels of oil equivalent in the first quarter of last year, the statement highlighted. Exxon’s net production of crude oil, natural gas liquids, bitumen and synthetic oil averaged 3.139 million barrels per day in the first quarter, the statement showed. Of this figure, the U.S. contributed 1.418 million barrels per day, Asia contributed 796,000 barrels per day, and Canada/Other Americas contributed 760,000 barrels per day, the statement revealed. In the fourth quarter of last year, Exxon’s net production of crude oil, natural gas liquids, bitumen and synthetic oil averaged 3.213 million barrels per day, and in the first quarter of 2024, it averaged 2.557 barrels per day, the statement showed. The U.S. contributed 1.468 million barrels per day to the fourth quarter 2024 figure and 816,000 barrels per day to the first quarter 2024 figure, while Asia contributed 694,000 barrels per day to the fourth quarter figure and 711,000 barrels per day to the first quarter figure, and Canada/Other Americas contributed 825,000 barrels per day to the fourth quarter figure and 772,000 barrels per day to the first quarter figure, according to the statement. Exxon’s net natural gas production available for sale averaged 8.47 billion cubic feet per day in the first quarter of 2025, 8.33 billion in the fourth quarter of last year, and 7.36 billion cubic feet per day in the first quarter of last

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North America Loses Rigs for 9 Straight Weeks

North America dropped 11 rigs week on week, according to Baker Hughes’ latest North America rotary rig count, which was released on May 2. The U.S. dropped a total of three rigs week on week and Canada dropped a total of eight rigs during the same period, taking the total North America rig count down to 704, comprising 584 rigs from the U.S. and 120 from Canada, the count outlined. Of the total U.S. rig count of 584, 567 rigs are categorized as land rigs, 14 are categorized as offshore rigs, and three are categorized as inland water rigs. The total U.S. rig count is made up of 479 oil rigs, 101 gas rigs, and four miscellaneous rigs, according to Baker Hughes’ count, which revealed that the U.S. total comprises 523 horizontal rigs, 46 directional rigs, and 15 vertical rigs. Week on week, the U.S. land rig count dropped by four, its offshore rig count increased by one, and its inland water rig count remained unchanged, the count highlighted. The U.S. oil rig count decreased by four week on week, its gas rig count rose by two, and its miscellaneous rig count dropped by one, the count showed. Baker Hughes’ count revealed that the U.S. horizontal rig count dropped by four week on week, while its directional rig count increased by one, and its vertical rig count remained unchanged during the period. A major state variances subcategory included in the rig count showed that, week on week,  Ohio and Texas each dropped three rigs, and Louisiana added three rigs. A major basin variances subcategory included in Baker Hughes’ rig count showed that the Utica basin dropped three rigs, the Permian basin dropped two rigs, and the Eagle Ford basin cut one rig week on week, while the Haynesville basin added

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Reform UK vs Labour: A ‘mature and sensible debate’ needed for net zero

It seems to me that with recent electoral victories for Reform UK in England, and Ed Miliband’s comments implying that anyone who goes against net zero is a Reform UK supporter, we are entering an unfortunate period in British politics. A period where things start to focus on what is wrong, who is doing it, and why the ‘other side’ is to blame. It reminds me a little of growing up in Northern Ireland, where things revolved around whether you were ‘themuns’ or ‘usuns’. That worked out hugely well … So what we need is a mature and sensible debate. One which focuses on what needs to be done as opposed to one that blames others for problems. We are all part of the solution – whether (like me) you think we are abandoning oil and gas too soon, or whether you support the net zero approach. © Supplied by Owen Humphreys/PA WiReform UK leader Nigel Farage poses outside The Waterford Lodge, Morpeth, in Northumberland, whilst on the local election campaign trail. Because ultimately what we have to do is remember one thing. This is about the people of Aberdeen, the north-east and the UK. The workers impacted by policies, and the consumers impacted by higher prices. This is not a time for ideology. It is a time for pragmatism, realism and understanding. The first part of that is beginning to understand that we cannot abandon oil and gas overnight. We need to continue to exploit those reserves we have to meet (as OEUK says) some 50% of our energy needs. That provides stability of supply and security from the vagaries of others – and in this modern world of President Trump, we should not underestimate the impact of vagaries. © Shutterstock FeedDonald Trump signs an executive order to start

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Zyxel launches 100GbE switch for enterprise networks

Port specifications include: 48 SFP28 ports supporting dual-rate 10GbE/25GbE connectivity 8 QSFP28 ports supporting 100GbE connections Console port for direct management access Layer 3 routing capabilities include static routing with support for access control lists (ACLs) and VLAN segmentation. The switch implements IEEE 802.1Q VLAN tagging, port isolation, and port mirroring for traffic analysis. For link aggregation, the switch supports IEEE 802.3ad for increased throughput and redundancy between switches or servers. Target applications and use cases The CX4800-56F targets multiple deployment scenarios where high-capacity backbone connectivity and flexible port configurations are required. “This will be for service providers initially or large deployments where they need a high capacity backbone to deliver a primarily 10G access layer to the end point,” explains Nguyen. “Now with Wi-Fi 7, more 10G/25G capable POE switches are being powered up and need interconnectivity without the bottleneck. We see this for data centers, campus, MDU (Multi-Dwelling Unit) buildings or community deployments.” Management is handled through Zyxel’s NebulaFlex Pro technology, which supports both standalone configuration and cloud management via the Nebula Control Center (NCC). The switch includes a one-year professional pack license providing IGMP technology and network analytics features. The SFP28 ports maintain backward compatibility between 10G and 25G standards, enabling phased migration paths for organizations transitioning between these speeds.

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Engineers rush to master new skills for AI-driven data centers

According to the Uptime Institute survey, 57% of data centers are increasing salary spending. Data center job roles that saw the highest increases were in operations management – 49% of data center operators said they saw highest increases in this category – followed by junior and mid-level operations staff at 45%, and senior management and strategy at 35%. Other job categories that saw salary growth were electrical, at 32% and mechanical, at 23%. Organizations are also paying premiums on top of salaries for particular skills and certifications. Foote Partners tracks pay premiums for more than 1,300 certified and non-certified skills for IT jobs in general. The company doesn’t segment the data based on whether the jobs themselves are data center jobs, but it does track 60 skills and certifications related to data center management, including skills such as storage area networking, LAN, and AIOps, and 24 data center-related certificates from Cisco, Juniper, VMware and other organizations. “Five of the eight data center-related skills recording market value gains in cash pay premiums in the last twelve months are all AI-related skills,” says David Foote, chief analyst at Foote Partners. “In fact, they are all among the highest-paying skills for all 723 non-certified skills we report.” These skills bring in 16% to 22% of base salary, he says. AIOps, for example, saw an 11% increase in market value over the past year, now bringing in a premium of 20% over base salary, according to Foote data. MLOps now brings in a 22% premium. “Again, these AI skills have many uses of which the data center is only one,” Foote adds. The percentage increase in the specific subset of these skills in data centers jobs may vary. The Uptime Institute survey suggests that the higher pay is motivating workers to stay in the

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ExtraHop looks to eliminate ‘extra hops’ in NDR stack

This deep visibility allows ExtraHop to provide insights across the entire network stack, from basic connectivity to application-level transactions. “The benefit of going all the way through Layer 7 is I can actually see a database transaction going through on the wire,” Vasani said. “If you have application teams complaining about database query latency, we can map it to what session was that tied to and what flows was it tied to from a network perspective and is this really an app server issue, or is it a network issue, or is it an endpoint issue?” The new sensor integrates with ExtraHop’s RevealX platform, feeding telemetry into the company’s cloud-scale ML/AI engine that powers its detection and analysis capabilities. “The sensor collects the telemetry, feeds it into an ML/AI engine that sits in the cloud, and then we layer in workflow engines on top to enable the various use cases,” Vasani said. In modern distributed enterprise environments, network visibility must extend beyond traditional data centers. ExtraHop’s all-in-one sensor is designed to address this reality with deployment options that span physical appliances, virtual machines and cloud environments. ExtraHop has both virtual and physical hardware appliances for sensor deployment. ExtraHop sensors can plug into a network through multiple methods including, Network Tap, SPAN (Switched Port Analyzer) port, packet broker or a cloud provider’s vTAP capabilities.

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AI’s energy appetite drives interest in nuclear power

In its new report, Deloitte said that its analysis of figures from the World Nuclear Association, the American Nuclear Society, the U.S. Department of Energy, and others showed that new nuclear power could potentially meet about 10% of the projected increase in data center demand over the next decade, assuming capacity is also significantly expanded by between 35GW and 62GW, and 30% of the expansion is earmarked for data centers. “Nuclear energy presents a potential solution for meeting some of the growing electricity demands of data centers, with its reliable and clean energy profile,” Deloitte’s report said, noting five key advantages of the technology: Reliable baseload power: Nuclear reactors operate 24/7, regardless of the weather, providing the reliable power so important to data centers. In addition, Deloitte said, “Their capacity factor, exceeding 92.5%, outperforms other sources like natural gas (56%) and renewables like wind (35%) and solar (25%).” High energy density: A small amount of fuel generates a lot of power, which minimizes the need for fuel storage and transportation. “This efficiency can translate to a smaller physical footprint and enhanced sustainability,” Deloitte said. Scalable power output: A full-sized reactor typically generates 800 megawatts (MW) or more of electricity, which accommodates the needs of large data centers. Low carbon emissions: Nuclear power plants produce virtually no greenhouse gas emissions during operation. Enhanced land use efficiency: Compared to other energy sources, nuclear power plants require relatively little land. Gartner’s Johnson echoed these advantages, and also predicted that nuclear energy, and small modular reactors (SMRs) in particular, will “provide a viable answer” to the question of what to do when electricity demand exceeds supply. They can, he said, “ensure independence from grid power fluctuations by providing dedicated on-site power for large data centers.” However, both Gartner and Deloitte also highlighted challenges in

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Nvidia AI supercluster targets agents, reasoning models on Oracle Cloud

Oracle has previously built an OCI Supercluster with 65,536 Nvidia H200 GPUs using the older Hopper GPU technology and no CPU that offers up to 260 exaflops of peak FP8 performance. According to the blog post announcing the availability, the Blackwell GPUs are available via Oracle’s public, government, and sovereign clouds, as well as in customer-owned data centers through its OCI Dedicated Region and Alloy offerings. Oracle joins a growing list of cloud providers that have made the GB200 NVL72 system available, including Google, CoreWeave and Lambda. In addition, Microsoft offers the GB200 GPUs, though they are not deployed as an NVL72 machine.

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Deep Data Center: Neoclouds as the ‘Picks and Shovels’ of the AI Gold Rush

In 1849, the discovery of gold in California ignited a frenzy, drawing prospectors from around the world in pursuit of quick fortune. While few struck it rich digging and sifting dirt, a different class of entrepreneurs quietly prospered: those who supplied the miners with the tools of the trade. From picks and shovels to tents and provisions, these providers became indispensable to the gold rush, profiting handsomely regardless of who found gold. Today, a new gold rush is underway, in pursuit of artificial intelligence. And just like the days of yore, the real fortunes may lie not in the gold itself, but in the infrastructure and equipment that enable its extraction. This is where neocloud players and chipmakers are positioned, representing themselves as the fundamental enablers of the AI revolution. Neoclouds: The Essential Tools and Implements of AI Innovation The AI boom has sparked a frenzy of innovation, investment, and competition. From generative AI applications like ChatGPT to autonomous systems and personalized recommendations, AI is rapidly transforming industries. Yet, behind every groundbreaking AI model lies an unsung hero: the infrastructure powering it. Enter neocloud providers—the specialized cloud platforms delivering the GPU horsepower that fuels AI’s meteoric rise. Let’s examine how neoclouds represent the “picks and shovels” of the AI gold rush, used for extracting the essential backbone of AI innovation. Neoclouds are emerging as indispensable players in the AI ecosystem, offering tailored solutions for compute-intensive workloads such as training large language models (LLMs) and performing high-speed inference. Unlike traditional hyperscalers (e.g., AWS, Azure, Google Cloud), which cater to a broad range of use cases, neoclouds focus exclusively on optimizing infrastructure for AI and machine learning applications. This specialization allows them to deliver superior performance at a lower cost, making them the go-to choice for startups, enterprises, and research institutions alike.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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