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US freezes Citgo board to protect pending $5.9-billion acquisition

The US Treasury Department Sept. 14 amended Venezuela’s sanctions license to prevent unauthorized changes to the governance of Citgo Petroleum Corp. and its two US corporate parent structures, PDV Holding Inc. and Citgo Holding Inc. The license now explicitly blocks any unauthorized “appointment, removal, or replacement of any director, officer, or other corporate governance official” […]

The US Treasury Department Sept. 14 amended Venezuela’s sanctions license to prevent unauthorized changes to the governance of Citgo Petroleum Corp. and its two US corporate parent structures, PDV Holding Inc. and Citgo Holding Inc.

The license now explicitly blocks any unauthorized “appointment, removal, or replacement of any director, officer, or other corporate governance official” at the three companies. The move comes as Venezuelan interim President Delcy Rodríguez works to regain control of the country’s overseas assets. Her administration has replaced law firms representing Venezuela and state-owned PDVSA in foreign litigation and arbitration, while opposition-appointed entities that have overseen Citgo are preparing to wind down.

The license amendment freezes the current corporate boards until finalization of Amber Energy’s acquisition of PDV Holdings. The acquisition gives Amber Energy, owned by Elliott Investment Management, assets that include about 800,000 b/d of refining capacity on the US Gulf Coast and in the Midwest. It also obligates Amber to disperse $5.89 billion in a structured payout to 15 international creditors, including ConocoPhillips, whose assets were seized by the previous government.

While a US federal court approved the deal, Amber still requires a US Treasury license to take title to the shares. The deal would also need to survive an appeal in the US Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia, where the Venezuelan government is arguing the price is too low. Venezuela and state-owned PDVSA would still be on the hook for about $15 billion in remaining payouts to companies for seized assets.

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Cornelis lands $205M to make AI networks compute, not just connect

In Ethernet mode, the CN6000 can pair with switches from other vendors, including Broadcom’s Tomahawk line. Traffic sent over Ethernet still passes through an internal encapsulation layer built around Omni-Path. Spelman said that internal architecture preserves congestion management, credit-based flow control, and packet spraying, aimed at low latency and high

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US freezes Citgo board to protect pending $5.9-billion acquisition

The US Treasury Department Sept. 14 amended Venezuela’s sanctions license to prevent unauthorized changes to the governance of Citgo Petroleum Corp. and its two US corporate parent structures, PDV Holding Inc. and Citgo Holding Inc. The license now explicitly blocks any unauthorized “appointment, removal, or replacement of any director, officer, or other corporate governance official” at the three companies. The move comes as Venezuelan interim President Delcy Rodríguez works to regain control of the country’s overseas assets. Her administration has replaced law firms representing Venezuela and state-owned PDVSA in foreign litigation and arbitration, while opposition-appointed entities that have overseen Citgo are preparing to wind down. The license amendment freezes the current corporate boards until finalization of Amber Energy’s acquisition of PDV Holdings. The acquisition gives Amber Energy, owned by Elliott Investment Management, assets that include about 800,000 b/d of refining capacity on the US Gulf Coast and in the Midwest. It also obligates Amber to disperse $5.89 billion in a structured payout to 15 international creditors, including ConocoPhillips, whose assets were seized by the previous government. While a US federal court approved the deal, Amber still requires a US Treasury license to take title to the shares. The deal would also need to survive an appeal in the US Third Circuit Court of Appeals in Philadelphia, where the Venezuelan government is arguing the price is too low. Venezuela and state-owned PDVSA would still be on the hook for about $15 billion in remaining payouts to companies for seized assets.

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S&P Global: Refined product tightness deepens

Russian refinery runs remain near July 2026 lows and are likely to recover only gradually from September onward. Russia’s ban on diesel exports has already removed 10% of waterborne supply from the global market. Further decline in Russian refinery runs could amplify the risk to global diesel markets by leading Russia to import fuel to backfill domestic needs, compounding the outright loss of the near 1 million b/d of diesel exports. Limited spare capacity raises winter risks Meanwhile, the world’s remaining unconstrained refining capacity is already running at close to maximum levels. Refinery utilization in the US has approached 97% this summer, while Europe and North America continue to operate at or near multi-decade highs in response to record margins. The industry is now approaching fall turnaround season with a significant incentive to keep pushing and little spare capacity left to offset unexpected disruptions. “The market has survived the first phase of the crisis because inventories, trade flows, and refinery flexibility absorbed much of the shock. Those shock absorbers are not disappearing, but they are becoming progressively weaker. Markets are entering winter with less room for error than they had in the spring,” said Daniel Evans, global head of fuels and refining research, S&P Global Energy. For governments and policymakers, the challenge is increasingly likely to center on balancing energy price affordability, inflation, and security of supply. High diesel prices directly impact costs for freight transport, agriculture, construction, manufacturing, and residential heating. Although the market has so far avoided an outright supply crisis, persistently low inventories, high prices, and limited spare capacity have heightened the risk of government interventions. Diesel remains the fuel most vulnerable to shortages. With a surge in demand during the harvest season, the approach of winter heating needs, depleted inventories, and no immediate prospect of supply

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Saudi pipeline shutdown threatens further global oil supply losses

Saudi Arabia has shut its 1,200-km (745-mile) East-West pipeline following Sept. 11, 2026, drone attacks. Saudi officials said the drones were launched from Iraq but have not disclosed the extent of any injuries or damage or provided a timetable for repairs. Satellite imagery released Sept. 13 appeared to show substantial damage to a pumping station along the pipeline. East-West, which has a maximum design capacity of 7 million b/d, had been operating at 2 million b/d in August according to Kpler, as increased Houthi attacks in and around Bab El-Mandeb reduced Red Sea traffic. Earlier in the Iran war, flows had been 4-5 million b/d, with the pipeline serving as an alternative to the Strait of Hormuz for Saudi exports. Stay updated on oil price volatility, shipping disruptions, LNG market analysis, and production output at OGJ’s Iran war content hub. Saudi oil buyers and traders told Reuters that stocks at Red Sea terminals could support exports for 5-7 days if the pipeline remains out of service. A prolonged shutdown could remove as much as 4% of global oil supply, according to market estimates. Repair estimates have ranged from several days to as long as 6 weeks. Saudi Arabia reported to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) that its crude production declined to 6.2 million b/d in August, down from 10.9 million b/d in February. Overall OPEC+ crude production fell 1.5 million b/d in August to 33.1 million b/d. Production from the 17 quota-bound OPEC+ members declined 980,000 b/d to 27 million b/d, 7.3 million b/d below their August target. On Sept. 6, OPEC+ agreed to maintain October production targets at September levels. Global oil prices climbed sharply Sept. 14 in the wake of the shutdown. Brent crude futures rose above $108/bbl, reaching levels not seen since May, before retreating.

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Insights: Prioritizing process safety management over profits across the refining industry (Pt. 1)

In this Insights episode of the Oil & Gas Journal ReEnterprised podcast, downstream editor and lead reporter Robert Brelsford talks with Joe Barnes, principal of Barnes’ Engineering Consultants and a veteran oil and gas operations, maintenance, reliability, and major-projects leader with more than 30 years of industry experience. Barnes, who spent roughly half of his career in refining and half in exploration and production, discusses why process safety management must remain a central concern for everyone working in oil and gas—not only safety professionals. Drawing on his experience with a major refinery accident and the aftermath of a separate major offshore incident, Barnes explains why good intentions are not enough to prevent major incidents, particularly in times when the potential for high margins could tempt operator’s into promoting maximized production over execution of maintenance on processing and production installations to ensure safe and reliable operations. During the conversation, Robert and Joe examine recurring root causes identified through Barnes’ review of process-safety incidents dating back to the mid-1980s, including absence of  leadership, poor communication, inadequate risk identification and mitigation, aging equipment, deferred maintenance, workforce turnover, and the loss of experienced personnel. They also discuss why the industry has sometimes failed to consistently share and apply lessons from previous incidents, particularly when investigation findings are not widely accessible. The two consider the difference between personal safety and process safety metrics, the warning signs that preceded the 2005 BP Texas City refinery explosion, and the role of management of change (MOC) in evaluating staffing, maintenance, turnaround, efficiency, and capital-reduction decisions. Barnes also outlines the questions boards and executive leaders should be asking to ensure that process safety remains a business priority across economic cycles. Robert and Joe further explore how refineries can use past incident scenarios as practical training tools, strengthen external oversight

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Energy Department Launches $16 Million Prize To Grow the Mining and Critical Minerals Workforce

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Office of Critical Minerals and Energy Innovation (CMEI) today launched the PROSPECT Planning Prize to support universities in developing the skilled workforce required to produce, process, recover, and recycle critical minerals on American soil. Each winner will receive up to $1 million from a total prize pool of $16 million. “Mining and critical minerals professionals are essential to America’s success in manufacturing, AI, energy, and national security—but this country isn’t producing enough of them,” said Assistant Secretary of Energy Audrey Robertson. “Through this prize competition, DOE will empower universities to pursue more ambitious strategies for attracting and educating the workers we need for a robust critical mineral supply chain.” This prize competition is part of DOE’s $100 million Providing Opportunities for Specialized Education in Critical Technologies (PROSPECT) initiative, which delivers on President Trump’s bold agenda to restore American energy dominance, rebuild domestic supply chains, and reduce reliance on foreign adversaries for critical minerals. The initiative’s near-term goal is to double the number of graduates with mining, minerals, and associated supply chain credentials across the United States. U.S.-based academic institutions with prize-eligible degree programs are encouraged to submit plans. Proposed programs should aim to substantially increase the number of graduates and other credentialed professionals prepared for relevant mining and supply chain careers in the next two years. Programs may target a range of beneficiaries, including early-career professionals, incumbent workers, educators, and students in university, community college, or high school. Applications are now open. The deadline for submission is Oct. 5, 2026. Learn more about this competition, including key dates and submission details, on the PROSPECT Prize page. The PROSPECT Planning Prize is funded by CMEI and managed by the National Laboratory of the Rockies under the American-Made prize program. ###

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U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright Delivers U.S. National Statement at the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna, Austria

VIENNA, AUSTRIA—U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright today delivered the U.S. National Statement at the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in Vienna, Austria. Secretary Wright’s full remarks from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) General Conference are below: I am honored to represent the United States of America at the 70th IAEA General Conference. This year, as we celebrate the 250th anniversary of the founding of the United States, we reflect on a history defined by a tireless spirit of innovation and bold exploration. It was this American drive that, over seven decades ago, moved President Dwight D. Eisenhower to deliver his historic ‘Atoms for Peace’ address, sowing the seeds for the creation of this very Agency. Together, our high-level cooperation has achieved monumental milestones—pioneering global safeguards, securing vulnerable fissile materials across the globe, countering and preparing for radiological and nuclear threats, creating energy abundance, and advancing nuclear science to improve living standards. As the world’s foremost nuclear innovator, the United States remains steadfastly dedicated to the IAEA’s mission. I would like to take a moment to congratulate Timor Leste on becoming the newest member of the IAEA. America looks forward to working with you. Thanks to President Trump’s leadership, the United States is ushering in an American nuclear renaissance. President Trump directed the Administration to revitalize America’s nuclear sector, modernizing regulations, improving processes and streamlining advanced reactor testing to rebuild the nuclear industrial base. This agenda allows the United States to establish an expedited pathway for testing and approving advanced reactors, set standards for converting surplus uranium and plutonium into reactor fuel, and support the energy infrastructure needed for America’s reindustrialization and artificial intelligence. These actions advance President Trump’s bold goal of adding 300 gigawatts of new nuclear capacity in the United States by 2050.

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Scott Bergs, CEO of Kirkwood IG: Fiber and the AI Data Center Buildout

For years, fiber was one of the more forgiving elements of data center site selection. Developers could secure land, line up power, begin planning the facility and then work with carriers to establish the connectivity required by tenants. In a traditional multi-tenant data center, that model generally worked. At AI scale, Scott Bergs says it increasingly does not. “The architecture of those original communications service provider networks just don’t meet the latency and/or capacity needs” of today’s high-density compute environments, said Bergs, CEO of Kirkwood Infrastructure Group, during a recent episode of the Data Center Frontier Show. The result is a significant change in the data center development stack: network infrastructure can no longer be treated as something that gets solved after the site is chosen. For hyperscalers and neo-cloud providers, fiber route diversity, latency, physical security and future capacity increasingly need to enter the conversation alongside power and land. And as data center campuses follow available power farther from established digital infrastructure hubs, the scale of the network challenge is expanding with them. A connection between data center campuses that might once have extended two or 30 miles can now stretch 250 miles or more, Bergs said. What would traditionally have been considered a long-haul fiber route is increasingly becoming another piece of inter-campus infrastructure. That change is helping drive Kirkwood’s own expansion. From DF&I to Kirkwood Bergs previously led DF&I, a dark-fiber infrastructure platform concentrated in Northern Virginia and Maryland. Kirkwood Infrastructure Group is not simply DF&I under a new name, he said. Rather, it represents what Bergs described as a second phase in a broader infrastructure investment strategy developed originally through IPI Partners. IPI, an investment platform focused on digital infrastructure, backed DF&I after identifying communications infrastructure serving dense compute environments as an area requiring greater direct

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Cisco brings Splunk AI on premises, expands agent observability, monitors token costs

Cisco executives said during a press briefing that AI agents are operating across data centers, campuses, and branches, and interacting with enterprise resources and other agents. For example, if an agent deletes thousands of files, IT teams need to determine whether it malfunctioned or was compromised. On-premises option: Cisco AI POD for Splunk Aimed at enterprises that need to keep sensitive machine data within their own environments, Cisco AI POD for Splunk “brings Splunk AI to on-premises customers with new AI runtime software, Cisco infrastructure, Nvidia accelerated computing, and Kubernetes-based architecture, pre-validated and optimized for Splunk AI workloads,” according to Cisco. “One of the biggest roadblocks to enterprise AI today is that it’s too hard to deploy,” said Jeetu Patel, Cisco’s president and chief product officer, in a statement. “Customers want to know: Can I trust it to do the job? Can I afford it? And, most importantly, can I secure it? By running Splunk AI on the infrastructure customers already trust, they can move faster to put AI to work in their business with confidence and control.”

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Nuclear’s Next AI Test: Building at Scale

For data center developers facing multiyear utility interconnection queues and tightening power markets, nuclear energy is entering a different phase of its AI infrastructure story. The near-term opportunity still rests largely with the existing reactor fleet. Holtec International has moved the Palisades Nuclear Plant in Michigan into fuel loading, one of the final major stages before reactor startup activities. Constellation Energy, meanwhile, continues to work toward a 2027 restart of the former Three Mile Island Unit 1, now the Christopher M. Crane Clean Energy Center, under its long-term power agreement with Microsoft. Together, Palisades and Crane represent roughly 1.64 GW of existing nuclear capacity that could return to service without waiting for entirely new plants to be licensed, financed and constructed. That makes reactor restarts one of the few ways nuclear generation can materially intersect with data center power demand before the end of the decade. But the more consequential change may be taking place further upstream. A burst of activity from advanced nuclear developers at the end of August pointed increasingly toward the industrial systems required to move new reactor designs from demonstrations to repeatable infrastructure. X-energy, TerraPower, GE Vernova Hitachi, Oklo, Westinghouse, Kairos Power and others reported progress involving fuel supply, reactor testing, manufacturing, licensing and commercial deployment. None of these advanced reactor projects will solve the industry’s 2027 or 2028 power shortage. That is no longer the most useful test. The more important question is whether advanced nuclear can begin acquiring the characteristics of an industrial supply chain: dependable fuel, standardized manufacturing, repeatable construction, tested reactor systems and enough commercial certainty for large power customers to plan around deployment schedules measured in years rather than speculation. For data center infrastructure, that is the transition worth watching. Palisades Moves From Restoration to Startup The clearest near-term proof point

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The waste heat paradox: How data centers can cool AI with the heat AI creates

A 40-year-old technology built for this exact moment Absorption chillers produce chilled water the way a conventional chiller does, but they use heat instead of electricity to drive the refrigeration cycle. A generator uses hot water, steam, or exhaust gas to separate refrigerant vapor from a lithium bromide solution; the vapor condenses, evaporates under low pressure to produce the cooling effect, and is reabsorbed to close the loop. Because there’s no large electrically driven compressor, the electrical footprint is small: industry analysis puts absorption chillers at roughly 2 MW of cooling output for just 20–25 kW of electrical input, compared to 500 kW or more of electrical draw for a conventional chiller doing the same job. The technology has existed commercially for decades and never displaced electric chillers at scale, for one simple reason: it needs a steady, moderate-to-high-temperature heat source to run, and building a boiler specifically to feed one erased most of the savings. That missing piece is exactly what two current infrastructure trends are now supplying as a byproduct. Two trends CIOs are already funding that solve the “missing heat” problem 1. On-site power generation is becoming standard, not exceptional Grid interconnection delays in major data center markets now stretch into years, pushing hyperscale operators toward gas turbines, engines, and fuel cells built directly on campus — all of which reject substantial heat as a byproduct of making electricity. Bloom Energy already pairs its fuel-cell systems directly with absorption chillers at data center sites, using exhaust heat to generate chilled water and reduce reliance on the electric chiller plant. Some industry forecasts expect roughly a third of data centers to run fully on-site-powered campuses by 2030 — meaning this heat stream is a permanent feature of the infrastructure roadmap, not a one-off opportunity.

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DCF Poll: How Should Utilities Vet Real vs. ‘Ghost’ Data Center Demand?

Matt Vincent is Editor in Chief of Data Center Frontier, where he leads editorial strategy and coverage focused on the infrastructure powering cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and the digital economy. A veteran B2B technology journalist with more than two decades of experience, Vincent specializes in the intersection of data centers, power, cooling, and emerging AI-era infrastructure. Since assuming the EIC role in 2023, he has helped guide Data Center Frontier’s coverage of the industry’s transition into the gigawatt-scale AI era, with a focus on hyperscale development, behind-the-meter power strategies, liquid cooling architectures, and the evolving energy demands of high-density compute, while working closely with the Digital Infrastructure Group at Endeavor Business Media to expand the brand’s analytical and multimedia footprint. Vincent also hosts The Data Center Frontier Show podcast, where he interviews industry leaders across hyperscale, colocation, utilities, and the data center supply chain to examine the technologies and business models reshaping digital infrastructure. Since its inception he serves as Head of Content for the Data Center Frontier Trends Summit. Before becoming Editor in Chief, he served in multiple senior editorial roles across Endeavor Business Media’s digital infrastructure portfolio, with coverage spanning data centers and hyperscale infrastructure, structured cabling and networking, telecom and datacom, IP physical security, and wireless and Pro AV markets. He began his career in 2005 within PennWell’s Advanced Technology Division and later held senior editorial positions supporting brands such as Cabling Installation & Maintenance, Lightwave Online, Broadband Technology Report, and Smart Buildings Technology. Vincent is a frequent moderator, interviewer, and keynote speaker at industry events including the HPC Forum, where he delivers forward-looking analysis on how AI and high-performance computing are reshaping digital infrastructure. He graduated with honors from Indiana University Bloomington with a B.A. in English Literature and Creative Writing and lives in southern New Hampshire with

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Nvidia invests $3.5B in MediaTek to extend its grip on AI

AI infrastructure: MediaTek will work with Nvidia’s NVLink Fusion ecosystem to enable customers to develop custom AI infrastructure designed to integrate with Nvidia rack-scale systems and AI factories. Local AI computing: The companies will continue to collaborate on multiple generations of Nvidia RTX Spark and DGX Spark PC chips, powering consumer PCs, AI developer supercomputers, and enterprise-class workstations, that integrate Nvidia GPUs with MediaTek SoCs. Automotive: MediaTek and Nvidia will continue developing platforms for AI-powered, software-defined vehicles in the era of physical AI.  “MediaTek is one of the world’s great semiconductor companies, with exceptional expertise in system-on-chip design, connectivity, leading performance and power efficiency,” said Jensen Huang, founder and CEO of Nvidia, in a statement. “Together, we’re building platforms that bring Nvidia accelerated computing to new markets and give customers the freedom to create differentiated AI systems at enormous scale.” NVLink is a high-performance interface, but this move also helps lock in customers to the Nvidia platform, since NVLink Fusion is not about to hook up to AMD processors. For MediaTek, the Nvidia investment provides a big pile of cash and access to Nvidia’s infrastructure as it attempts to establish itself as a major supplier of custom data center silicon.

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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