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SpaceXAI wants to compete on AI infrastructure, not just AI models

“If any organization is capable of building orbital AI infrastructure, it is SpaceXAI,” he said, adding that its $55 billion investment in the 11-million-square-foot Gigasat factory will further strengthen that position. That build is set to begin as soon as late 2027. In the long term, space-based AI compute could enjoy benefits like abundant solar […]

“If any organization is capable of building orbital AI infrastructure, it is SpaceXAI,” he said, adding that its $55 billion investment in the 11-million-square-foot Gigasat factory will further strengthen that position. That build is set to begin as soon as late 2027.

In the long term, space-based AI compute could enjoy benefits like abundant solar power, reduced dependence on terrestrial energy infrastructure, and the ability to process data directly in orbit, Nanavaty noted.

That said, the concept remains “largely unproven,” and significant engineering challenges, particularly around servicing and maintaining hardware in space, still need to be addressed. Further, while SpaceX has a “strong track record” of delivering ambitious engineering projects, its timelines have often slipped, sometimes by several years, said Nanavaty.

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Network evolution for the Agentic AI era

With all of the attention being paid to the compute resources required to power AI, connectivity is sometimes overlooked. This poses a new dynamic for those planning their next phase of AI deployment. Those who modernize their IP networks can unlock new revenue from AI-driven services, while those who delay

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Bharat Petroleum awards contract for Bina refinery expansion

Bharat Petroleum Corp. Ltd. (BPCL) has let a contract to Duncan Engineering Ltd. (DEL) for supply of valves as part of the operator’s project to expand production of petrochemicals at its 7.8-million tonne/year (tpy) refinery at Bina, Madya Pradesh. As part the late-June contract award, DEL will deliver its critical

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Energy Department Announces Up to $150 Million to Boost Unconventional Oil and Gas Recovery, Advance Hydraulic Fracture Characterization, and Revolutionize Produced Water Management

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hydrocarbons and Geothermal Energy Office (HGEO) today announced up to $150 million in federal funding for cost-shared projects aimed at advancing three critical priorities for the U.S. oil and natural gas industry—dramatically improving recovery efficiency from unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, advancing hydraulic fracture characterization technologies, and developing innovative solutions for produced water management. This initiative advances resident Trump’s Executive Order , “Unleashing American Energy,” and the Secretarial Order “Unleashing the Golden Era of Energy Dominance,” to provide affordable, reliable, and secure energy to all Americans through the responsible development of our nation’s abundant domestic oil and natural gas supplies. “Under President Trump’s leadership, we are unleashing America’s energy potential to secure our nation’s future,” said DOE Acting Assistant Secretary of the Hydrocarbons and Geothermal Energy Office Curt Coccodrilli. “By unlocking more of our domestic oil and natural gas resources, improving our understanding of hydraulic fracturing, and innovating in produced water management, we are not only creating jobs and lowering energy costs for American families, we are also driving innovation that will benefit our economy for generations to come.” DOE has released a Notice of Funding Opportunity (NOFO) seeking innovative proposals that address technical, economic, and environmental barriers across the following areas, with a focus on increasing domestic energy production and strengthening American energy dominance: Enhanced Recovery from Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs: With recovery rates from unconventional reservoirs often below 10%, significant oil and gas resources remain untapped. Funding in this area will support the rapid field deployment of novel technologies and processes—including exploring the potential of carbon dioxide as an injectant—to improve oil and gas extraction, increase the recovery factor, and lower the break-even cost of primary recovery operations to increase the efficiency of our national resources and provide more affordable energy.  Advanced Characterization of Fracture Propagation,

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Department of Energy Celebrates Fourth Criticality Ahead of July 4th Goal

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy celebrates yet another win for the American nuclear energy renaissance. Early Saturday, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Reactor Pilot Program, Aalo Atomics’ test reactor, Aalo-X, successfully completed a zero-power fueled criticality demonstration. The experiment took place at Idaho National Laboratory and is the fourth DOE-authorized advanced reactor to achieve the criticality milestone, exceeding the July 4th goal outlined by President Trump in his May 2025 executive order. “Last month I toured the Aalo facility at Idaho National Laboratory and was impressed by the company’s determination to successfully demonstrate their technology by the Fourth of July,” said U.S. Energy Secretary Chris Wright. “President Trump asked for three advanced reactors to be authorized and achieve criticality by the 250th anniversary of our great country. I’m pleased to share that through the dedication and hard work of Aalo, INL and DOE, we have surpassed that ask and delivered four!” Aalo-X joins a growing list of successful advanced reactor designs and spotlights the continued progress and momentum of participants in DOE’s Reactor Pilot Program and the Nuclear Energy Launch Pad initiative. In June, Antares Nuclear’s Mark-0 reactor, Valar Atomics’ Ward 250, and Deployable Energy’s Unity achieved criticality. “The hardest problem in nuclear was never the physics, our country simply forgot how to build. The success of the Department of Energy Reactor Pilot Program is proof America can execute again,” said Yasir Arafat, President and CTO, Aalo Atomics. “We are proud to play a major role in America’s nuclear renaissance, going from breaking ground to a sustained chain reaction in just eight months, one of the fastest reactor builds in modern American history.” The fourth criticality of a DOE authorized reactor design surpasses what many skeptics thought American reactor developers could achieve in response to President

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San Mateo Midstream expands Delaware basin footprint with $752-million acquisition

San Mateo said the assets complement its existing gathering and processing system and will improve natural gas flow across the northern Delaware basin in southeast New Mexico and West Texas. The acquisition is expected to increase San Mateo’s designed processing capacity to more than 1 bcfd and expand its gathering network to more than 800 miles. Integration of the systems is expected to provide immediate operating synergies, including the ability to move volumes between Cardinal’s Loving County plant and San Mateo’s Marlan and Black River plants in Eddy County. “With this acquisition, San Mateo not only gains more processing capacity, a larger pipeline system and a more diverse customer base but also improves its positioning for strategic transactions in the future,” said Brian J. Willey, San Mateo chairman and executive vice-president of midstream for Matador. Willey added that connecting the systems will “complete the circle” of San Mateo’s Delaware basin infrastructure, enhancing flow assurance for Matador and third‑party customers and improving flexibility to move natural gas throughout the northern Delaware basin north to south or south to north. The transaction is expected to close on or before July 31, 2026, subject to customary conditions. Cardinal’s field employees are expected to join San Mateo upon closing.

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QatarEnergy signs commercial declaration for offshore Cyprus

QatarEnergy has signed a commercial discovery declaration for the Glaucus and Pegasus fields in Cyprus, partnering with Cyprus and ExxonMobil to progress development plans and regulatory approvals for offshore gas production. <!–> June 30, 2026 –> Key Highlights QatarEnergy signed a commercial discovery declaration for offshore Cyprus. QatarEnergy, the government of Cyprus, and ExxonMobil will support the next phase of Block 10 development.

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Neste charts course for renewable fuels amidst industry retreat

Another technology that could provide massive potential to help meet rising energy demand and contribute to global climate goals is renewable hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen—or green hydrogen—is produced by electrolysis, where hydrogen is processed from water using renewable electricity (e.g., wind, solar) by splitting water molecules. Currently, around 95% of all hydrogen is made using fossil-derived natural gas, resulting in high GHG emissions. Since renewable hydrogen is nearly free of GHG emissions, the transition to a renewable hydrogen economy hold potential to transform the energy landscape. Just as with Neste’s the pilot program in Rotterdam, renewable fuel producers could benefit by evaluating options for replacing fossil-based hydrogen with renewable hydrogen in their production processes. In the renewable fuels production process, supply chain optimization is critical to ensure stable flows of both raw materials and end products. For Neste, this means an extensive global network for sourcing renewable raw materials and a market-centric distribution network to ensure renewable fuels reach customers and key markets quickly and efficiently. In the US, Neste made a major strategic move to enhance its supply network with the acquisition of Mahoney Environmental in 2020. This integration provides Neste with access to used cooking oil from over 100,000 locations across the country. To ensure efficient product delivery, Neste has also been fostering partnerships with infrastructure providers to lease terminals that are strategically located near key markets. These terminals are often well-connected to fuel logistics via vessels, barges, trucks, and pipelines. Having terminal capacities close to key markets can notably increase the availability and accessibility of Neste’s renewable fuels to customers. For example, the streamlined logistics system enabled a major expansion of Neste’s SAF supply in 2025, when Neste and United Airlines Inc. extended their partnership, making United the first commercial airline to purchase SAF for use on flights

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Talos Energy, Ridgewood sign deal to acquire Gulf of Mexico assets from Shell Offshore

Talos would acquire a 25% non-operated working interest in the bp plc-operated (50%) Na Kika platform and the Kepler, Ariel, Fourier, and Herschel fields, along with a 50% working interest and operatorship in the Coulomb field, the company said in a separate release. The Na Kika interests are subject to a 30-day preferential purchase right held by affiliates of bp. According to bp’s website, Na Kika is one of bp’s “most prolific producers in the Gulf,” as a hub for 8 subsea fields with more than 100 miles of infield flowlines which make up the gathering system. Na Kika, which lies 140 miles southeast of New Orleans in 6,340 ft of water, is designed to process up to 130,000 b/d of oil and 550 MMcfd of natural gas. If exercised, Talos would acquire only the 50% working interest and operatorship in Coulomb field, Talos said. Shell’s entitlement production from the assets is expected to average 37,000 boe/d in 2025. The company reported proved reserves at year-end 2025 of 4.3 MMboe for Na Kika and 7.2 MMboe for Coulomb. Based on its internal modeling, Na Kika and Coulomb “will not be meaningful contributors to production by 2030,” Shell said. Average first-quarter 2026 production attributable to the interests Talos expects to acquire was about 16,000 boe/d, of which about 77% was oil, Talos said. What Shell retains The agreement includes a 50% upside-sharing arrangement with Shell from closing through year-end 2027, subject to commodity price thresholds and certain other contingencies. The arrangement applies if realized oil prices exceed $60/bbl, Talos said. According to Shell, it will receive uncapped upside-linked payments through 2027 and overriding royalty interests on production from future Na Kika tiebacks, subject to specified conditions. Shell Trading US Co. will retain rights to offtake production from Na Kika and Coulomb

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Building the AI Optical Layer: Connectivity, Standards, and the Future of AI Infrastructure

As AI data centers push past the limits of traditional compute architecture, the industry’s attention is moving deeper into the physical layer. GPUs, accelerators, power systems and cooling platforms still dominate the headlines, but the network fabric that connects those systems is becoming just as critical. A wave of recent announcements points to the same conclusion: future growth will depend not only on more compute, but on faster, denser, more efficient and more scalable optical connectivity. A new multi-source agreement is bringing together major technology companies to standardize expanded beam optical connectivity for AI data centers. University of Arizona research is powering a new optical switching technology designed to reduce the energy consumed by data center networks. STL is planning to invest up to $100 million in U.S. manufacturing capacity to support AI data center and telecom customers with optical connectivity products. Those developments are now being reinforced by a broader series of moves across the optical ecosystem: Corning’s major AI infrastructure partnerships with NVIDIA and Amazon, GlobalFoundries’ push into co-packaged optics, Sivers’ laser-array collaboration with GlobalFoundries, Wiwynn’s co-packaged optics demonstration at Computex, Credo’s acquisition of DustPhotonics, and emerging near-packaged optical interconnect designs from LightSpeed Photonics. Taken together, these announcements highlight a maturing market around the optical layer of AI infrastructure. The value is not simply faster data movement. It is about reducing deployment complexity, lowering operating overhead, supporting higher-density clusters, improving energy efficiency and strengthening the domestic supply chain behind AI-ready networks. Let’s drill down into what these announcements mean. Standards for the AI Optical Layer The launch of a new coalition focused on expanded beam optical, or EBO, connectivity reflects a practical challenge facing AI deployments: as clusters grow larger and more bandwidth-intensive, physical connections become harder to deploy, maintain and scale. 3M announced that it has joined

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Data Center Jobs: Engineering, Construction, Commissioning, Sales, Field Service and Facility Tech Jobs Available in Major Data Center Hotspots

Each month Data Center Frontier, in partnership with Pkaza, posts some of the hottest data center career opportunities in the market. Here’s a look at some of the latest data center jobs posted on the Data Center Frontier jobs board, powered by Pkaza Critical Facilities Recruiting. Looking for Data Center Candidates? Check out Pkaza’s Active Candidate / Featured Candidate Hotlist CFD Engineer – Data Center Mechanical DesignNew York, NY (remote)This position is also available as a remote role anywhere in the US, in addition to key markets such as Cedar Rapids, IA; Kansas City, MO or White Plains, NY. Our client is an engineering design and commissioning company that has a national footprint and specializes in MEP critical facilities design. They provide design, commissioning, consulting and management expertise in the critical facilities space. They have a mindset to provide reliability, energy efficiency, and sustainable design expertise when providing these consulting services for enterprise, colocation and hyperscale companies. This career-growth minded opportunity offers exciting projects with leading-edge technology and innovation as well as competitive salaries and benefits. Electrical Commissioning Engineer New Albany, OH (limited travel)Non-Traveling CxA positions available in: Indianapolis, IN; Cedar Rapids, IA and Austin, TX. Traveling CxA Roles: New York, NY; White Plain, NY; Morristown, NJ; Dallas, TX; Richmond, VA; Ashburn, VA; Montvale, NJ; Charlotte, NC; Atlanta, GA; Phoenix, AZ; Salt Lake City, UT;  Kansas City, MO; Omaha, NE; Chesterton, IN or Chicago, IL. *** ALSO looking for a LEAD EE and ME CxA Agents and CxA PMs. *** Our client is an engineering design and commissioning company that has a national footprint and specializes in MEP critical facilities design. They provide design, commissioning, consulting and management expertise in the critical facilities space. They have a mindset to provide reliability, energy efficiency, sustainable design and LEED expertise when providing these consulting services

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H5 Data Centers’ 325 Hudson: A Manhattan Carrier Hotel with SoHo DNA – DCF Tours

A Carrier Hotel Reimagined for Modern Colocation H5 formally announced its expansion into 325 Hudson, a 225,000 square-foot mixed-use building comprised of office, lab and data center uses, in 2021 through a partnership with real estate investment firm DivcoWest, describing its new location as a data center and carrier hotel in one of the world’s largest communications markets. At the time, H5 founder and CEO Josh Simms framed the move as an opportunity to expand an already-established interconnection ecosystem while supporting growing demand from cloud providers, content delivery networks, and communications carriers. That vision now appears fully realized inside the building. The facility today operates as both a traditional carrier hotel and a modern enterprise colocation environment. H5’s infrastructure footprint supports high-density deployments, A/B UPS power architecture, N+1 emergency generators, N+1 CRAC systems, and energy-efficient in-row cooling with cold aisle containment. The building also reflects the physical realities of Manhattan infrastructure engineering. Operators work within vertical constraints rather than sprawling horizontal campuses. Freight access, riser strategy, structured cabling pathways, and efficient floor utilization become critical operational variables. H5 highlighted several features tailored for those realities, including 13-foot slab-to-slab heights, 150 pounds-per-square-foot floor loading capability, secure loading access, and extensive pre-built conduit infrastructure.

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AI Infrastructure Demands a New Operating System for Project Delivery

For much of the data center industry’s history, project management has largely been viewed as an execution discipline: a collection of schedules, milestones, spreadsheets, and status meetings designed to shepherd individual facilities from groundbreaking to commissioning. The AI era is rapidly rendering that model obsolete. As hyperscalers, developers, utilities, EPC firms, telecom providers, equipment suppliers, and local governments converge around increasingly complex AI campuses, the challenge is no longer simply delivering projects on time. Rather, it is orchestrating an infrastructure manufacturing process that stretches from land acquisition and permitting through construction, operations, and ultimately asset modernization years later. That changing reality was a central theme during Data Center Frontier’s conversation with Sitetracker at Fiber Connect 2026. The company’s perspective reflects a broader shift underway across digital infrastructure: project management is evolving into lifecycle management, where financial planning, regulatory coordination, supply chain visibility, and operational readiness become inseparable parts of the same platform. Complexity Begins Before Construction Much of the attention surrounding AI infrastructure focuses on GPU deployments, liquid cooling, and power availability. Yet Sitetracker argues that many of today’s greatest operational headaches begin much earlier in the development process. According to Reilly McClure, Sr. Product Marketing Manager – Digital Infrastructure with Sitetracker, operators are increasingly seeking help with land acquisition, parcel management, and site identification as AI infrastructure expands into new markets. “There are so many variables that we need to track,” he explained. “The demand and the growth and the build-out for where all that infrastructure is going is becoming increasingly complex. They’re finding it just cannot be done on a spreadsheet.” That observation resonates across the industry. Finding suitable sites now requires simultaneously evaluating power availability, transmission timelines, fiber access, permitting requirements, environmental studies, municipal approvals, and community considerations; all while competing developers race to secure the same

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Gartner: Data center electricity consumption to grow 26% in 2026

AI-optimized servers are a relatively new phenomenon but they have rapidly gained uh traditional data centers in terms of power use. Gartner estimates AI-optimized server adoption will account for 31% of data center power consumption in 2026, and that by 2027 their power consumption will surpass that of conventional servers. “Surging demand for compute-intensive AI workloads is driving unprecedented data center power growth, while AI capacity is now constrained by power availability, making data center power security the new battle ground for scaling and protecting margins in the global AI race,” said Wang in a statement. Wang said of the 565TWh consumed this year, the U.S. will account for about 204TWh, or 36% of the total amount consumed. And of the 204TWh consumed this year, dedicated AI data centers will consume 68TWh, or one-third of the total. So in just five years, AI data centers have gone from zero to of the total power consumption in the US.

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Envirotech Vehicles Closes Merger with Azio AI Ahead of Schedule, Positioning Combined Company to Capture $487 Billion 2026 AI Infrastructure Opportunity

This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by words such as “may,” “will,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “project,” “intend,” “continue,” “potential,” “ongoing,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Forward-looking statements include statements regarding the Company’s ability to capitalize on accelerating demand for AI infrastructure, enterprise GPU compute, digital power solutions, data center development, and digital asset infrastructure; the Company’s plans to continue expanding its digital infrastructure platform through AI data center development, enterprise GPU compute solutions, power hosting services, digital asset mining operations, strategic infrastructure investments, and additional commercial partnerships; the Company’s ability to maximize utilization of its power resources while creating multiple long-term revenue opportunities; the ability to continue deploying modular digital infrastructure at the Company’s South Texas site; the anticipated deployment and scaling of NVIDIA B200 and B300 GPU systems; the ability to advance and execute against the Company’s commercial infrastructure pipeline; the anticipated development of the Company’s footprint; the ability to monetize power assets across multiple complementary revenue streams, including AI data centers, enterprise compute infrastructure, power hosting, and digital asset mining operations; customer demand for AI infrastructure, enterprise compute, and digital infrastructure; the Company’s ability to build a scalable platform designed to serve that demand and create long-term shareholder value; and the Company’s broader business strategy and long-term growth objectives. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions that involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially. Most of these factors are outside the Company’s control and are difficult to predict. Factors that may affect actual results include, but are not limited to, the Company’s limited operating history within

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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