For years, the data center industry’s biggest constraints were largely physical, centered on power, transmission, land, water, equipment and labor. As the AI infrastructure buildout accelerates, however, another constraint is moving rapidly to the foreground. The constraint, and the concern, is whether host communities, regulators and policymakers believe the next generation of data centers is being built on terms that work for them, too. That question received a fresh exclamation point on Oct. 2, when Amazon Web Services announced it will invest more than $1 billion over five years in U.S. communities where it operates data centers, with funding aimed at areas including energy affordability, water and natural-resource protection, workforce development and education. The initiative arrives as electricity and water consumption associated with hyperscale infrastructure faces increasing scrutiny in communities across the country. And AWS is responding to a policy environment that is changing quickly. In Virginia, Loudoun County supervisors have begun a process that could pause action on certain new data center and substation applications for as long as 12 months while the county reviews its development policies. The board is scheduled to consider the proposed pause Oct. 20. Just next door, Prince William County voted Sept. 22 to dramatically shrink the area where data centers can be developed by right, largely shifting future projects outside the revised overlay into a case-by-case special-use permitting process. The issue is spreading well beyond Northern Virginia. On Sept. 23, Maryland Gov. Wes Moore signed an executive order creating a statewide framework for data center development centered on ratepayer protection, environmental impacts, community participation, transparency and accountability. Meanwhile, the U.S. House on Sept. 16 passed the Ratepayer Protection Act by a 417–3 vote, seeking to prevent data centers and other large loads from shifting the incremental costs of new generation and grid infrastructure onto