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Aqaba Development Corporation Invitation to International and Local Contractors

The pre-bid meeting and Site Visit: will be conducted on [4, Nov 2026, at 11:00 am (Jordan Local Time)] and on [5, Nov 2026, at 11:00 am (Jordan Local Time)] at the offices of ADC. Participants are required to submit copies of their passports or personal identification documents no later than [1, November 2026]. Submission […]

The pre-bid meeting and Site Visit: will be conducted on [4, Nov 2026, at 11:00 am (Jordan Local Time)] and on [5, Nov 2026, at 11:00 am (Jordan Local Time)] at the offices of ADC. Participants are required to submit copies of their passports or personal identification documents no later than [1, November 2026].

Submission of Questions and Enquiries: the deadline for submitting questions and requests for clarification is [15, November 2026], via email: [email protected].

Tender Security: each tender must be accompanied by a tender security in the amount of (600’000.00 JOD) in the form of either a certified bank cheque OR an unconditional bank guarantee issued by a licensed bank operating in Jordan. The tender security must remain valid for a minimum of (180) days from the tender submission deadline. Any tender submitted without a compliant tender security shall be rejected.

Stamp Import Duty: as per Stamp and Imports Duty Law No. 20 of 2001, fees are required for the tender.

ADC Rights: ADC reserves the right, at its sole discretion, to cancel, amend, postpone or reissue the tender without providing justification and without incurring any financial, legal or contractual liability toward any tenderer.

Deadline for Submission of Technical and Financial Proposals: Bids must be submitted electronically to the designated tenders email address no later than [Wednesday, December 16, 2026, before 12:00 PM. (Jordan Local Time)] The technical and financial proposals must be sent in two separate emails to [email protected] , any proposal containing conditions, reservations or deviations that conflict with the tender requirements may be rejected, bids received after the specified deadline will be rejected. Bidders must provide ADC with the original bid bond, duly executed by the bidder’s authorized representative, prior to the bid submission deadline.

Bids will be opened at ADC at the same time, and all announcements related to the tender will be published on the ADC’s website.

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It’s not your model — AI has a data movement problem

But that can be the wrong lever. When you examine the full end-to-end transaction, the model usually isn’t the problem. Take the extraordinary scale of AI traffic as it moves from a branch office to a centralized security stack, then to a cloud region, then to a data-hosted backend somewhere

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Ørsted builds compliance into automation, speeds firewall changes

Taking on a firewall process One process Ørsted initially targeted for automation was firewall rule management. In the past, an internal customer submitted a firewall request through ServiceNow, and a network security engineer reviewed the request, checking IP addresses, fully qualified domain names, and directory groups. Depending on the type,

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Middle East supply risks overshadow Russian diesel deal

Escalating security risks in the Middle East are keeping oil markets on edge, with renewed attacks on Saudi Arabia and commercial vessels near the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns over regional crude exports. The developments have overshadowed US President Donald Trump’s announcement of additional Russian diesel supplies and a proposed Russia-Ukraine energy ceasefire. Oil prices rose more than 2% on Oct. 12, with Brent climbing to $107/bbl and US West Texas Intermediate (WTI) reaching $93.7/bbl. Both benchmarks hit their highest levels since Sept. 29, reversing earlier losses. The gains followed renewed attacks on Saudi Arabia and commercial shipping in the Gulf region. Yemen’s Iran-aligned Houthi movement claimed responsibility for a Saturday strike on Riyadh’s international airport, while additional attacks were reported Sunday. Separately, a tanker was struck by a drone near Sohar, Oman, and another vessel was damaged while transiting the Strait of Hormuz, according to the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations agency (UKMTO). The incidents have renewed concerns over further disruption to shipping through the Strait of Hormuz, threatening the recovery in Middle East crude exports recorded in September. Goldman Sachs raised its December Brent price forecast to $90/bbl from $85/bbl, citing an estimated geopolitical risk premium of slightly more than $20/bbl. “We maintain our base case that continued adaptation of Mideast supply will eventually reduce crude oil prices, while potential renewed escalation still poses significant net upside risk,” Goldman Sachs said in a note Oct. 11. Russian diesel deal, energy ceasefire Trump announced on Oct. 9 an agreement with Russian President Vladimir Putin to increase diesel supplies to the US and international markets. Trump said Russia would initially supply more than 300,000 tonnes of diesel, followed by 500,000 tonnes in November and 1 million tonnes thereafter. The US Treasury Department also authorized certain Russian diesel transactions under a

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Energy Department Authorizes Strategic Petroleum Reserve Exchange to Address Supply Disruptions Due to Hurricane

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced the authorization of an emergency exchange of up to 4 million barrels of crude oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) to address supply disruptions due to inclement weather in the Gulf of America. Under the terms of the exchanges, participating companies will return the borrowed crude oil with additional premium barrels in 2027, helping replenish and strengthen the SPR at no additional cost to taxpayers.  “With this emergency exchange, the Energy Department is acting swiftly to help maintain refinery operations, limit disruptions to fuel supplies, and ensure American families and businesses continue to have access to affordable, reliable, and secure energy” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright. “In addition to helping minimize supply disruptions, these emergency exchanges will also require Exxon and BP to return more barrels to the Reserve than are currently being withdrawn, saving taxpayers millions of dollars. Rest assured, the Trump Administration is committed to strengthening America’s energy security at every opportunity.” The Department has authorized exchanges of up to 2 million barrels each for ExxonMobil and BP America. ExxonMobil’s exchange will accelerate deliveries of previously awarded SPR crude oil to address immediate supply needs.  DOE will continue working with industry partners to support reliable fuel supplies and respond to hurricane-related disruptions.  For more information about the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, visit energy.gov.

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Energy Department Supports FERC’s Call for PJM to Protect Ratepayers and Build More Reliable Power

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) announced its support for the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission’s (FERC) guidance that would help ensure lower electricity costs for American families and businesses across the PJM Interconnection LLC’s (PJM) region spanning across the mid-Atlantic. DOE filed a Notice of Intervention and Statement of Position with FERC supporting its recommendation for PJM’s proposed Reliability Backstop Procurement. FERC recommends PJM submit revised tariff provisions to implement appropriate cost allocation and other reforms. FERC’s recommendations are consistent with President Trump’s Ratepayer Protection Pledge, ensuring large electricity users pay for the generation and infrastructure needed to serve them.  This action follows the Trump Administration’s call in January 2026 for PJM to adopt market rules to strengthen grid reliability and reduce electricity costs. Specifically, the Administration asked PJM to hold an emergency power auction and to accelerate the development of reliable power generation. The Trump administration was joined by governors from all 13 states who participate in the PJM grid. “The Trump Administration remains committed to doing everything it can to lower electricity costs, grow the supply of American energy and strengthen grid reliability,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Chris Wright. “That’s why President Trump created the Ratepayer Protection Pledge, and the Energy Department supports having large electricity users pay for reliable new power generation.” “In January, the Trump Administration recognized early warning signs of capacity shortfalls in PJM and joined the Governors of all 13 PJM states in issuing a Statement of Principles to PJM, calling for PJM to adopt market rules to strengthen grid reliability and reduce electricity costs for American families and businesses,” said U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy James P. Danly. “By increasing transparency and preventing unjust cost shifts onto existing customers, the proposed reforms advance President Trump’s Ratepayer Protection Pledge while ensuring Americans continue

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Shell agrees to acquire interest in Bay du Nord project

Shell plc and Equinor ASA have signed an agreement under which Shell will acquire a 30% interest in the Bay du Nord project offshore Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada. Equinor will retain a 70% interest and remain as the operator of the project. The transaction supports the continued maturation of Bay du Nord towards an investment decision currently targeted for early 2027, Equinor said. Bay du Nord is in Flemish Pass basin, about 500 km offshore Newfoundland and Labrador in 600–1,170 m of water. The development concept is based on a floating production, storage, and offloading vessel (FPSO). Bay du Nord and Cambriol discoveries are included in the initial phase, with potential future subsea tiebacks to Cappahayden, Harpoon, and Baccalieu. Estimated recoverable resources in the initial phase are more than 400 MMbbl of oil. First oil is anticipated in 2031, Equinor said. The project is currently finalizing front-end engineering and design (FEED), with continued work focused on strengthening capital efficiency, execution planning, and overall project robustness. Engagement with provincial and federal governments has supported progress through key milestones, according to the company. Equinor and Shell said they will continue to mature the project towards an investment decision subject to market conditions, regulatory approvals, and the companies’ internal decision processes. The project will require a toal investment of about $14 billion (Can.; US$12.6 billion), Equinor said.

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Dangote taps EIL for Kenya grassroots refinery project

Dangote Group has enlisted Engineers India Ltd. (EIL) to deliver project management and engineering, procurement, and construction management (EPCM) services for subsidiary Dangote East Africa Petroleum Refinery & Petrochemicals SEZ’s proposed 700,000-b/d grassroots integrated refinery and petrochemical complex to be built in Mokowe, Lamu County, Kenya. As part of the more than $450-million contract, EIL will serve as project management consultant (PMC) and EPCM consultant for the project, the service provider said in separate regulatory filings to BSE Ltd. and The National Stock Exchange of India Ltd. The proposed complex is planned near Lamu Port and the Lamu Port-South Sudan-Ethiopia Transport (LAPSSET) corridor, which will connect the site with inland and regional markets by providing a coastal location for importing construction materials and crude as well as exporting refined products. EIL said award of the PMC-EPCM consultancy contract for the Lamu refinery follows its previous role as PMC-EPCM consultant for Dangote Petroleum Refinery and Petrochemicals FZE (DPRP) 650,000-b/d refinery and petrochemical complex in the Lekki Free Zone near Lagos, Nigeria, which is currently being expanded to 1.4 million b/d. At a Sept. 30 groundbreaking ceremony for the Lamu refinery, Dangote described the $16-billion investment as a project aimed at expanding refined-product supply in East Africa that will serve markets both within and beyond Kenya. While the refinery will presumably process Kenya’s production of domestic crude such as volumes from South Lokichar basin—which could which could begin production before December 2026 at a rate of about 20,000 b/d—the integrated complex also will process crude sourced from other African producers, including Uganda, the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank) said in a release Oct. 1. Honeywell to license technologies The EIL contract joins a separate $300-million contract awarded to Honeywell Technologies for delivery process technology and related services at Lamu, including technology licensing, engineering

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Energy Department Announces New Genesis Mission Awards to Advance Super Intelligence for Science

WASHINGTON—The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced 12 Phase II Genesis Mission project awards totaling $159 million. Building on the Genesis Mission’s growing portfolio of projects, first announced in July, these Phase II project awards will unleash scientific discoveries with Super Intelligence (SI). President Trump launched the Genesis Mission in November 2025 to accelerate discovery and strengthen U.S. leadership in science, medicine, and technology. “These projects represent a critical step in turning the promise of Super Intelligence for science into transformative scientific capability,” said DOE Under Secretary for Science Dr. Darío Gil. “The Phase II teams have already demonstrated what is possible when SI is integrated with scientific expertise, data, and computing. These awards give them the opportunity to take that work to the next level. By bringing together our National Labs, universities, and industry partners, we are building on extraordinary work already underway and accelerating the pace of discovery.” The Phase II awards are developing new, powerful capabilities to tackle the Nation’s most complex National Science and Technology Challenges. By connecting America’s leading scientists with advanced SI, supercomputing, scientific data, and DOE’s world-class research infrastructure, the Genesis Mission is strengthening U.S. leadership at the frontiers of science and technology. Awarded Projects Through DOE’s Office of Science, the 12 newly awarded projects are: Accelerating the path to commercial fusion energy via an AI-enabled digital twin platform for SPARC: Led by Commonwealth Fusion Systems, this project will build a digital twin to simulate and optimize operations of a fusion demonstration device.  Decoding the RNA Structurome to Secure AI Advantage for the Bioeconomy: Led by the University of California San Diego, the project will expand the RNA structure database five-fold for training SI models to unlock the ability to engineer resilient crops and sustainable microbes.  Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) at the

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Land & Expand: North America’s Data Center Pipeline Expands Under Pressure

Land & Expand is Data Center Frontier’s periodic look at the latest data center development news, including new sites, land acquisitions and campus expansions across North America. This latest installment finds the development pipeline continuing to expand, even as the requirements for bringing large-scale projects online grow more complicated. Developers are securing land, planning new power infrastructure and advancing campuses measured in hundreds of megawatts or more. At the same time, local governments and residents are demanding greater clarity on electricity costs, water consumption, noise, tax incentives and the long-term effects of industrial-scale computing facilities. A succession of development disclosures and project milestones through September and early October 2026 illustrates both the geographical reach of North America’s expanding data center pipeline and the growing difficulty of measuring how much proposed capacity will ultimately be delivered. The projects range from preliminary discussions and newly secured development sites to campuses already under construction. Some are advancing through formal permitting and power studies; others remain contingent on customers, financing or local approvals. Together, they reveal an industry still expanding aggressively, but operating under increasingly complex development conditions. Fluidstack: Cameron County, Texas — Up to 1.5 GW One of the largest newly disclosed projects is Fluidstack’s AI data center development in Cameron County in the Rio Grande Valley. The project surfaced publicly September 10 when Cameron County announced that it had issued Fluidstack a worksite permit for property near Harlingen. The permit authorizes preliminary site work, including grading, utilities and related infrastructure, rather than construction of the data center buildings themselves. Fluidstack subsequently disclosed considerably more detail on September 21, saying construction had begun on a $4 billion first phase capable of supporting as much as 1.5 GW. Fluidstack expects the project to generate more than 2,500 construction jobs and several hundred permanent positions. 

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DCF Global: Five Markets Redrawing the AI Infrastructure Map

The Global Constraint Is Execution These five markets demonstrate that the worldwide AI infrastructure buildout is no longer organized around a single development model. Spain is using permitting reform to attract investment. China is concentrating construction around energy resources. India is translating enormous capital commitments into an expanding development pipeline. Latin America is combining hyperscale growth with national industrial objectives. And Southeast Asia is creating interconnected infrastructure markets whose boundaries increasingly extend beyond individual cities and countries. Not every market is competing for the same business. Sovereign cloud services, enterprise applications, AI training clusters, and large-scale inference platforms carry different requirements involving power, connectivity, latency, data residency, and operating economics. But the infrastructure questions remain remarkably consistent. Can a project obtain enough electricity? Can transmission and supporting networks be delivered on schedule? Will the supply chain provide the required equipment? Can the facility be constructed and commissioned efficiently? And will the development retain the regulatory certainty and community acceptance required to operate for decades? The gap between announced development and actual capacity is becoming a defining measurement of the industry. Cushman & Wakefield estimates that Asia-Pacific alone had approximately 26.5 GW of data center capacity in its development pipeline during H1 2026. Of that total, roughly 4.8 GW was under construction, with another 21.7 GW in planning. Those figures reveal both the extraordinary scale of the opportunity and the considerable infrastructure work still required to realize it. What the Global Buildout Means for North America For U.S. data center operators, developers, engineering firms, equipment suppliers, and investors, international expansion is not a separate story. It is increasingly part of the same global competition for capital, equipment, power infrastructure, and specialized expertise. The transformers, switchgear, generators, advanced cooling systems, fiber networks, and electrical distribution equipment required by a major AI campus

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Bidding war over key component could eliminate third hard disk maker

What if the three remaining hard disk manufacturers became two? Seagate Technology and Western Digital control 90% of the market, according to market researcher TrendForce, with Toshiba picking up the crumbs. Seagate and WD both make their own magnetic drive heads, but Toshiba relies on a third party, TDK, which also sells to Seagate and WD when they need extra capacity. Seeking to guarantee supplies of this critical component, Toshiba made a bid for TDK’s drive head business earlier this year, according to Bloomberg. Concerned that this could affect its ability to meet the growing demand for hard disks from AI data centers, Seagate made a counteroffer, Bloomberg reported. TDK is staying mum.

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Oracle reportedly lands $7B GPU deal for Tencent

Oracle has reportedly signed a five-year, $7 billion agreement to provide Chinese technology conglomerate Tencent with access to roughly 100,000 advanced AI accelerators deployed in Oracle data centers across Southeast Asia, helping Tencent to sidestep restrictions on advanced AI equipment.  The deal, first reported by the Financial Times, would represent Tencent’s largest overseas cloud commitment with a U.S. provider. Neither Oracle nor Tencent has publicly confirmed the agreement or disclosed the specific AI processors involved. Under the reported terms, Tencent would pay about 30% of the contract value upfront—roughly $2.1 billion—with the remainder paid over the five-year term. That would give Oracle a substantial source of upfront funding for the expensive data center infrastructure required to build out the infrastructure.

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NVIDIA’s DSX Ready Brings Power and Cooling Into the AI Factory Blueprint

NVIDIA is extending its influence over AI infrastructure beyond the GPU, server rack and network, introducing qualification requirements for the power and cooling systems that increasingly determine the scale and performance of AI data centers. The company’s new NVIDIA DSX Ready program, announced September 21, establishes requirements for specific infrastructure products intended for use with NVIDIA’s DSX AI factory reference designs. Its first two categories—battery energy storage systems (BESS) and coolant distribution units (CDUs)—address two of the most pressing engineering challenges in AI infrastructure: managing rapidly changing electrical demand and removing heat from increasingly dense computing systems. The initial qualified suppliers are Hitachi Energy, LG Energy Solution and Tesla for battery storage, and LG Electronics, LiquidStack and Vertiv for liquid cooling. While the announcement might initially resemble another NVIDIA partner program, its technical details suggest something more consequential. The company is establishing performance criteria for the electrical and mechanical equipment supporting its computing platforms, connecting those requirements to an expanding ecosystem of qualified suppliers. Subsequent partner announcements offer a clearer view of what that means in practice. They describe battery systems designed to respond to AI load fluctuations, coolant distribution equipment operating at multi-megawatt capacities, and integrated cooling architectures intended to make more of a data center’s available power usable for computing. The initiative also coincides with the arrival of Chris Malone, formerly a data center infrastructure executive at OpenAI, Meta and Google, as NVIDIA’s vice president of the DSX Platform. Together, the developments point toward a closer relationship between computing architecture and facility engineering, with NVIDIA seeking to influence not only the processors deployed in AI factories but the infrastructure requirements that support their operation. From Reference Design to Infrastructure Qualification DSX Ready is an extension of the broader NVIDIA DSX AI Factory Platform, introduced in May 2026. As

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Brookfield’s AREP Deal Extends the AI Infrastructure Stack to Powered Land

The transaction goes beyond Brookfield investing in another portfolio of buildings. It is investing in a developer whose principal product increasingly begins before the building, with land, entitlements, substations, transmission access and utility capacity. PowerHouse Has Become a Gigawatt-Scale Development Platform PowerHouse was founded with a strong Northern Virginia orientation, but its development map now stretches well beyond Data Center Alley as its current portfolio includes projects in Virginia, Texas, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Nevada, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. The company lists 515 MW across its Northern VA Ashburn properties, another 900 MW at its PH 95 development in Spotsylvania, 1.35 GW in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 1.8 GW at Joliet, Illinois, and substantial campuses across multiple Texas and Indiana locations. The various projects do a good job of illustrating how the definition of a hyperscale development site is changing. At PowerHouse Arcola in Loudoun County, Virginia, PowerHouse announced a long-term hyperscale lease earlier this year. The 37-acre campus includes two planned data center buildings totaling approximately 615,000 square feet and is designed for up to 120 MW of utility capacity. PowerHouse emphasizes not only the buildings but the campus’s on-site substation, fiber access, power security and support for high-density GPU and liquid-cooled deployments. In Texas, it might be that everything really is bigger, and PowerHouse’s Grand Prairie development covers approximately 810 acres and 8.5 million developable square feet. Its project page cites maximum utility power of 1.8 GW and a development schedule extending through 2029 and beyond. The Texas development plans also include a proposed Circle T campus in Westlake outside Fort Worth, which calls for as many as four roughly 300,000-square-foot facilities totaling approximately 300 MW. According to reporting on local filings, PowerHouse has funded a 350-MW Oncor substation intended to serve the campus and the town’s pump station. The company’s development in

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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