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The Download: biotech’s future and cheaper, cleaner steel

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology. Meet the under-35s shaping the future of biotech Every year, MIT Technology Review puts together our 35 Innovators Under 35, a list of some of the brightest and best young minds working across science and technology. This year’s honorees include nine people transforming biotech, whose work spans everything from lifesaving innovations to groundbreaking longevity tech. Their innovations include a “reprogramming” therapy that reverses vision loss, tiny brain electrodes inspired by Japanese art, and a personalized gene-editing treatment for a baby with a rare genetic disorder. There are even efforts to design new viruses with generative AI, which (hopefully) will produce new drugs or soak up pollution. Get to know the biotech innovators behind these breakthroughs. —Jessica Hamzelou This story is from The Checkup, our weekly biotech newsletter. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday. Biotechnology is one of four categories in our 35 Innovators Under 35 list for 2026, featuring young people worldwide doing groundbreaking work in science and technology. Meet the rest of them here, or explore the full list across the AI, computing and robotics, biotechnology, and climate and energy categories. This founder is making cheaper, cleaner steel The steel industry isn’t exactly known for innovation. Very little has changed about purifying iron ore since the process was invented and commercialized in the 1850s. But Laureen Meroueh, founder of Hertha Metals, has an idea that could change that. Meroueh may have found a way to clean up steelmaking without driving up the price. Her new furnace turns iron ore into refined liquid steel in a single step and swaps coal for natural gas. Together, those changes slash emissions by at least half, she says, and cut costs by 25% compared with steelmaking as usual. Here’s how she plans to make steel cleaner without making it more expensive. —Bridget Reed Morawski Laureen Meroueh is one of the climate change and energy honorees on our 35 Innovators Under 35 list. The must-reads I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology. 1 Anthropic says it has blocked potential plots to build biological weaponsThe company identified five such cases. (NYT $)+ And six cases of using AI to build software for conventional weapons (BBC)+ Governments are also using Claude for surveillance.(Axios)+ While Russia-linked hackers used it to automate attacks on Ukraine. (Quartz)+ The threats were revealed in a new Anthropic report. (Guardian)+ Bill Gates says AI needs new guardrails. (MIT Technology Review) 2 California has banned addictive social media features for under-16sThe law prohibits infinite scroll and autoplay. (Guardian)+ It also introduces new rules for AI and companion chatbots. (Reuters $)+ It’s the first law of its kind in the US. (NYT $)+ Social media encourages the worst AI boosterism. (MIT Technology Review) 3 Two AI researchers have left Anthropic and Google over safety risksThey left a day after Jacob Coxon’s viral departure from Anthropic. (NBC News)+ Elon Musk called their concerns a “setup” and a “psyop.” (Guardian)+ AI fears are pushing Congress toward tougher regulation. (WSJ $) 4 Sam Altman is pitching OpenAI’s cyber defenses to power companiesThe meetings followed reports of AI attacks on critical systems. (Politico $)+ Altman also told staff that OpenAI is open to slowing down AI. Bloomberg $) 5 After years of fighting AI, music labels are starting to embrace itUniversal is partnering with ElevenLabs on an AI remix platform.(Gizmodo)+ AI is complicating definitions of creativity. (MIT Technology Review) 6 Chinese drugmakers are challenging US dominance in weight-loss drugsThey’re developing hundreds of GLP-1 treatments for global markets. (WSJ $) 7 Electric air taxis have begun official test flights in TexasThey’re the first flights under the White House’s new pilot program. (Verge) 8 Chinese drones are helping to rescue survivors of Nepal’s floodsThey’re delivering food and airlifting bodies from flood-hit areas. (Ars Technica) 9 NASA and IBM have built an AI model to map the moonIt could help locate ice and identify safer landing sites. (Register) 10 One man is on a quest to digitally preserve America’s public restroomsHis Restroom Archive is a museum-style repository of 3D scans. (404 Media) Quote of the day “I didn’t ask Facebook to build a profile of my family—I posted a video of me singing in the car with my kids.”  —Kalie Roberts, a travel content creator, says in an Instagram reel that Meta AI used years of Facebook posts to piece together her children’s identities and pinpoint where her family lives. One more thing Chinese tech workers are starting to train their AI doubles—and pushing back In April, a GitHub project called Colleague Skill struck a nerve by claiming to “distill” a worker’s skills and personality—and replicate them with an AI agent. Though the project was a spoof, it prompted a wave of soul-searching among otherwise enthusiastic early adopters. A number of tech workers told MIT Technology Review that their bosses are already encouraging them to document their workflows for automation via tools like OpenClaw. Many now fear that they are being flattened into code and losing their professional identity. In response, some are fighting back with tools designed to sabotage the automation process. Read the full story on their battle with clone workers. —Caiwei Chen We can still have nice things A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)+ Worried about Flock cameras? These guys designed a car to fool them.+ Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera has captured a galactic merger’s dazzling final phase.+ An exquisitely preserved 66-million-year-old bird feather was found in a fossilised dinosaur dropping.+ A plucky preservationist travelled 1,700 miles and made 52 calls from a rare phone box to keep it in service.

This is today’s edition of The Download, our weekday newsletter that provides a daily dose of what’s going on in the world of technology.

Meet the under-35s shaping the future of biotech

Every year, MIT Technology Review puts together our 35 Innovators Under 35, a list of some of the brightest and best young minds working across science and technology. This year’s honorees include nine people transforming biotech, whose work spans everything from lifesaving innovations to groundbreaking longevity tech.

Their innovations include a “reprogramming” therapy that reverses vision loss, tiny brain electrodes inspired by Japanese art, and a personalized gene-editing treatment for a baby with a rare genetic disorder. There are even efforts to design new viruses with generative AI, which (hopefully) will produce new drugs or soak up pollution.

Get to know the biotech innovators behind these breakthroughs.

—Jessica Hamzelou

This story is from The Checkup, our weekly biotech newsletter. Sign up to receive it in your inbox every Thursday.

Biotechnology is one of four categories in our 35 Innovators Under 35 list for 2026, featuring young people worldwide doing groundbreaking work in science and technology. Meet the rest of them here, or explore the full list across the AI, computing and robotics, biotechnology, and climate and energy categories.

This founder is making cheaper, cleaner steel

The steel industry isn’t exactly known for innovation. Very little has changed about purifying iron ore since the process was invented and commercialized in the 1850s. But Laureen Meroueh, founder of Hertha Metals, has an idea that could change that.

Meroueh may have found a way to clean up steelmaking without driving up the price. Her new furnace turns iron ore into refined liquid steel in a single step and swaps coal for natural gas. Together, those changes slash emissions by at least half, she says, and cut costs by 25% compared with steelmaking as usual.

Here’s how she plans to make steel cleaner without making it more expensive.

—Bridget Reed Morawski

Laureen Meroueh is one of the climate change and energy honorees on our 35 Innovators Under 35 list.

The must-reads

I’ve combed the internet to find you today’s most fun/important/scary/fascinating stories about technology.

1 Anthropic says it has blocked potential plots to build biological weapons
The company identified five such cases. (NYT $)
+ And six cases of using AI to build software for conventional weapons (BBC)
+ Governments are also using Claude for surveillance.(Axios)
+ While Russia-linked hackers used it to automate attacks on Ukraine. (Quartz)
+ The threats were revealed in a new Anthropic report. (Guardian)
+ Bill Gates says AI needs new guardrails. (MIT Technology Review)

2 California has banned addictive social media features for under-16s
The law prohibits infinite scroll and autoplay. (Guardian)
+ It also introduces new rules for AI and companion chatbots. (Reuters $)
+ It’s the first law of its kind in the US. (NYT $)
+ Social media encourages the worst AI boosterism. (MIT Technology Review)

3 Two AI researchers have left Anthropic and Google over safety risks
They left a day after Jacob Coxon’s viral departure from Anthropic. (NBC News)
+ Elon Musk called their concerns a “setup” and a “psyop.” (Guardian)
+ AI fears are pushing Congress toward tougher regulation. (WSJ $)

4 Sam Altman is pitching OpenAI’s cyber defenses to power companies
The meetings followed reports of AI attacks on critical systems. (Politico $)
+ Altman also told staff that OpenAI is open to slowing down AI. Bloomberg $)

5 After years of fighting AI, music labels are starting to embrace it
Universal is partnering with ElevenLabs on an AI remix platform.(Gizmodo)
+ AI is complicating definitions of creativity. (MIT Technology Review)

6 Chinese drugmakers are challenging US dominance in weight-loss drugs
They’re developing hundreds of GLP-1 treatments for global markets. (WSJ $)

7 Electric air taxis have begun official test flights in Texas
They’re the first flights under the White House’s new pilot program. (Verge)

8 Chinese drones are helping to rescue survivors of Nepal’s floods
They’re delivering food and airlifting bodies from flood-hit areas. (Ars Technica)

9 NASA and IBM have built an AI model to map the moon
It could help locate ice and identify safer landing sites. (Register)

10 One man is on a quest to digitally preserve America’s public restrooms
His Restroom Archive is a museum-style repository of 3D scans. (404 Media)

Quote of the day

I didn’t ask Facebook to build a profile of my family—I posted a video of me singing in the car with my kids.” 

—Kalie Roberts, a travel content creator, says in an Instagram reel that Meta AI used years of Facebook posts to piece together her children’s identities and pinpoint where her family lives.

One more thing

Chinese tech workers are starting to train their AI doubles—and pushing back

In April, a GitHub project called Colleague Skill struck a nerve by claiming to “distill” a worker’s skills and personality—and replicate them with an AI agent. Though the project was a spoof, it prompted a wave of soul-searching among otherwise enthusiastic early adopters.

A number of tech workers told MIT Technology Review that their bosses are already encouraging them to document their workflows for automation via tools like OpenClaw. Many now fear that they are being flattened into code and losing their professional identity.

In response, some are fighting back with tools designed to sabotage the automation process. Read the full story on their battle with clone workers.

—Caiwei Chen

We can still have nice things

A place for comfort, fun, and distraction to brighten up your day. (Got any ideas? Drop me a line.)

+ Worried about Flock cameras? These guys designed a car to fool them.
+ Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera has captured a galactic merger’s dazzling final phase.
+ An exquisitely preserved 66-million-year-old bird feather was found in a fossilised dinosaur dropping.
+ A plucky preservationist travelled 1,700 miles and made 52 calls from a rare phone box to keep it in service.

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ZPC to expand Zhoushan complex with new PDH unit

Zhejiang Petroleum & Chemical Co. Ltd. (ZPC) has let a contract to Lummus Technology LLC to license its proprietary propane dehydrogenation (PDH) technology for a new unit to be installed at the operator’s 40-million tonne/year (tpy) integrated refining and petrochemical complex at the Zhoushan Green Petrochemical Base on Yushan Island,

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Network complexity is outpacing NetOps teams: How AI can help

Network infrastructure owners often tell me that the biggest obstacle to network cyber resilience is the complexity of multi-vendor network environments. They aren’t just referring to the number of vendors in their environment, but also to the variety of device types (firewalls, routers, switches and access points), models and software

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EIA forecasts continued growth in US crude oil production through 2026

US crude oil production will average a record 13.8 million b/d in 2026, up from the previous record of 13.7 million b/d set in 2025, according to the US Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) latest Short-Term Energy Outlook. Crude production averaged 13.7 million b/d during first-half 2026, an increase of 0.3 million b/d, or 2%, from the same period a year earlier. EIA attributed most of the growth to increased output from the Permian region of Texas and New Mexico and the Federal Gulf of Mexico. Permian crude oil production is forecasted to average 6.8 million b/d in 2026, up 3% from 2025. EIA said higher crude oil prices are supporting production growth in the basin. West Texas Intermediate averaged $84/bbl through August, compared with $65/bbl in 2025. Current prices remain above reported Permian breakeven levels. According to the Dallas Fed Energy Survey in March, oil executives reported average breakeven prices of $69/bbl in the Midland basin and $63/bbl in the Delaware basin. Federal Gulf of Mexico crude production increased 10%, or 0.2 million b/d, during first-half 2026 compared with the same period a year earlier. EIA expects full-year 2026 Gulf production will increase 3%, or 0.1 million b/d. Four major projects that came online during the past year contributed to the Gulf increase. The Shenandoah floating production unit has averaged 70,000 b/d since starting production in July 2025, while the Ballymore subsea tieback has averaged 58,000 b/d since April 2025. The Whale floating production unit has averaged 38,000 b/d since January 2025, and the Salamanca floating production unit has averaged 25,000 b/d since late 2025. EIA expects four additional smaller projects to come online by yearend, providing further support for Gulf production growth.

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EIA: US crude inventories down 400,000 bbl

US crude oil inventories for the week ended Sept. 4, excluding the Strategic Petroleum Reserve, decreased by 400,000 bbl from the previous week, according to data from the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). The data was released a day later than usual due to the closure of the agency for the US Labor Day holiday on Monday, Sept. 7. At 424.1 million bbl, US crude oil inventories are the same as the 5-year average for this time of year, the EIA report indicated. EIA said total motor gasoline inventories increased by 1.3 million bbl from last week and are 5% below the 5-year average for this time of year. Distillate inventories increased by 2.1 million bbl last week and are about 13% below the 5-year average for this time of year. Propane-propylene inventories increased 3.1 million bbl, 27% above the 5-year average. Total commercial petroleum inventories increased by 6.3 million bbl for the week. US refineries processed 17.6 million b/d for the week ended Sept. 4, which was 91,000 b/d more than the previous week’s average. Refineries operated at 97.8% of capacity. Gasoline output averaged 9.3 million b/d, and distillate production increased to 5.3 million b/d. US crude oil imports averaged 6.8 million b/d, up 53,000 b/d from the previous week. Over the last 4 weeks, crude oil imports averaged about 6.6 million b/d, 2.3% more than the same 4-week period last year. Total motor gasoline imports averaged 464,000 b/d. Distillate fuel imports averaged 185,000 b/d.

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Shell, partners sign agreement for Angola offshore blocks

Shell, QatarEnergy, and Sonangol E&P signed Heads of Terms regarding the Risk Service Contracts for Blocks 8 and 22 offshore Angola, with Angola’s National Agency for Oil, Gas and Biofuels (ANPG).  The move is a step in evaluating offshore potential and building on Angola’s established role in Africa’s energy sector, Shell said in a release Sept. 9. Alioune Sourang, country chair of Shell Angola, said the signing is “another positive step in Shell’s renewed engagement with Angola,” and that it “builds on the momentum from exploration block entries with Chevron, Equinor, and Sonangol P&P.”  Under the agreement, Shell will be operator with 50% interest, QatarEnergy will hold 30% working interest, and Sonangol will hold 20% in the two offshore blocks. Shell’s participation in the Heads of Terms is through BG International Ltd. – Sucursal em Angola, a Shell company. The agreement was signed in the Angolan capital Luanda on the sidelines of the Angola Oil & Gas Conference. It is subject to the relevant governmental approvals and final contractual arrangements.

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Barclays conference: Chevron eyes ‘factory-type’ development in Venezuela; Exxon says operators matter more than ever

Executives from Chevron Corp. and ExxonMobil Corp. spoke at the Barclays 40th Annual Energy-Power Conference in New York this week, expanding on how they’re approaching the next phase of upstream growth, highlighting opportunities from Venezuela to Guyana, and offering clues about how major operators are evaluating future resource development opportunities. As OGJ did following , we’ve gathered notable comments from company leaders about the opportunities and challenges shaping their businesses. Chevron Unsurprisingly, a significant share of the conversation between Barclays analyst Betty Jiang and Chevron Corp. chief financial officer Eimear Bonner focused on the company’s ambitions in Venezuela, where the company last week signed a deal to over the next 5 years. Bonner reiterated the attractive financial picture for Chevron, pointing to operating costs below $20/bbl and a goal of hitting 600,000 b/d in 2031 (from today’s roughly 280,000 b/d) just from primary recovery. Chevron teams expect that production will plateau between 600,000 and 700,000 b/d for most, if not all, of the 2030s. “There’s a lot more upside there,” Bonner said. “This is growth at low cost and very attractive returns.” Helping to solidify Chevron’s financial equation, Bonner added, is that the company’s existing infrastructure in Venezuela is in good shape and that its expansion plans won’t require major capital projects but will instead lean on pipeline and utility expansion work. “The best way to think about this is we are developing or intend to develop this like the way we develop the Permian,” Bonner said. “It really is just another factory-type development. There will be a period of investment and a period of plateau. We’re looking forward to adopting and scaling and implementing all the lessons learned from the factory experience that we have.” ExxonMobil With a next quarter in the Stabroek block offshore Guyana, ExxonMobil Corp. is

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Hydrocarbons and Geothermal Energy Office Announces $300,000 to Help Identify Hidden Geothermal Systems

WASHINGTON — The U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Hydrocarbons and Geothermal Energy Office (HGEO) today announced the $300,000 Geologic Enhanced Mapping System (GEMS) Prize to help identify hidden geothermal systems by using geophysical data to identify faults and structures indicative of geothermal resources. Activities enabled by this prize will help deliver on President Trump’s Executive Order, Unleashing American Energy, by advancing geothermal exploration, in turn supporting the potential for geothermal to provide affordable, reliable, around-the-clock domestic electricity to Americans. “Unlocking America’s vast geothermal potential is essential to securing our energy dominance and providing the reliable, dispatchable baseload power our nation needs,” said DOE Acting Assistant Secretary of the Hydrocarbons and Geothermal Energy Office Curt Coccodrilli. “By challenging innovators to map hidden geothermal resources, the GEMS Prize will boost efforts to strengthen grid stability, reduce utility expenses for U.S. households, and deliver the secure, steady electricity required to fuel our domestic manufacturing resurgence and next-generation AI data centers.” The GEMS Prize challenges competitors to develop, train, and test algorithms that generate enhanced geologic fault datasets—which, in turn, can support mapping and modeling for geothermal and critical mineral resources. By using real-world datasets and testing ideas against geophysical data, the GEMS Prize is expected to accelerate discoveries of new, commercially viable hidden geothermal systems while reducing exploration and development risks. The competition comprises two rounds, with prizes ranging from $15,000 to $100,000. Both individual and group competitors can participate, and submissions are due December 3, 2026. Learn more on the competition website. Learn how HGEO is unleashing the full potential of America’s hydrocarbon and geothermal resources to provide affordable, reliable, and secure energy here.

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EIA sees Brent near $90/bbl in second-half 2026 amid Middle East disruptions

Global crude oil prices are expected to remain elevated through yearend 2026 as Middle East production disruptions and constrained exports continue to draw down inventories, the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) said in its September Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO). EIA forecasts Brent crude oil spot prices will average about $90/bbl in second-half 2026, $8/bbl higher than projected in its August outlook. Brent averaged $91/bbl in August, up $7/bbl from July, as constrained Middle East exports led to additional production shut-ins. Middle East crude production shut-ins averaged an estimated 6.7 million b/d in August, up from 5.0 million b/d in July. EIA expects disruptions to ease gradually but remain substantial, with shut-in volumes averaging about 5.7 million b/d in fourth-quarter 2026. Oil flows through the Strait of Hormuz and Bab el-Mandeb remain constrained, although producers and shippers are increasingly using pipeline and overland bypass routes and ship-to-ship transfers. Stay updated on oil price volatility, shipping disruptions, LNG market analysis, and production output through OGJ’s Iran war content hub. Renewed US blockade of Iranian exports after Iran’s tanker attacks in Hormuz, plus the Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions against Iranian economic and oil interests, will cut Iran’s exports and production, EIA said. In addition, attacks in Bab el-Mandeb roughly halved August loadings at Yanbu, the Red Sea port that bypasses Hormuz, according to Vortexa estimates. Saudi Arabia has rerouted barrels through the Suez Canal—longer and costlier for Asian buyers—and reportedly started ship-to-ship transfers outside the Persian Gulf, but EIA expects Red Sea constraints to cap Saudi supply near term. The disruptions have led to sharp inventory draws. EIA estimates global oil inventories fell by an average 3.9 million b/d in second-quarter 2026 and forecasts additional draws of 3.0 million b/d in the third quarter and 1.7 million b/d

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DCF Poll: How Should Utilities Vet Real vs. ‘Ghost’ Data Center Demand?

Matt Vincent is Editor in Chief of Data Center Frontier, where he leads editorial strategy and coverage focused on the infrastructure powering cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and the digital economy. A veteran B2B technology journalist with more than two decades of experience, Vincent specializes in the intersection of data centers, power, cooling, and emerging AI-era infrastructure. Since assuming the EIC role in 2023, he has helped guide Data Center Frontier’s coverage of the industry’s transition into the gigawatt-scale AI era, with a focus on hyperscale development, behind-the-meter power strategies, liquid cooling architectures, and the evolving energy demands of high-density compute, while working closely with the Digital Infrastructure Group at Endeavor Business Media to expand the brand’s analytical and multimedia footprint. Vincent also hosts The Data Center Frontier Show podcast, where he interviews industry leaders across hyperscale, colocation, utilities, and the data center supply chain to examine the technologies and business models reshaping digital infrastructure. Since its inception he serves as Head of Content for the Data Center Frontier Trends Summit. Before becoming Editor in Chief, he served in multiple senior editorial roles across Endeavor Business Media’s digital infrastructure portfolio, with coverage spanning data centers and hyperscale infrastructure, structured cabling and networking, telecom and datacom, IP physical security, and wireless and Pro AV markets. He began his career in 2005 within PennWell’s Advanced Technology Division and later held senior editorial positions supporting brands such as Cabling Installation & Maintenance, Lightwave Online, Broadband Technology Report, and Smart Buildings Technology. Vincent is a frequent moderator, interviewer, and keynote speaker at industry events including the HPC Forum, where he delivers forward-looking analysis on how AI and high-performance computing are reshaping digital infrastructure. He graduated with honors from Indiana University Bloomington with a B.A. in English Literature and Creative Writing and lives in southern New Hampshire with

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Nvidia invests $3.5B in MediaTek to extend its grip on AI

AI infrastructure: MediaTek will work with Nvidia’s NVLink Fusion ecosystem to enable customers to develop custom AI infrastructure designed to integrate with Nvidia rack-scale systems and AI factories. Local AI computing: The companies will continue to collaborate on multiple generations of Nvidia RTX Spark and DGX Spark PC chips, powering consumer PCs, AI developer supercomputers, and enterprise-class workstations, that integrate Nvidia GPUs with MediaTek SoCs. Automotive: MediaTek and Nvidia will continue developing platforms for AI-powered, software-defined vehicles in the era of physical AI.  “MediaTek is one of the world’s great semiconductor companies, with exceptional expertise in system-on-chip design, connectivity, leading performance and power efficiency,” said Jensen Huang, founder and CEO of Nvidia, in a statement. “Together, we’re building platforms that bring Nvidia accelerated computing to new markets and give customers the freedom to create differentiated AI systems at enormous scale.” NVLink is a high-performance interface, but this move also helps lock in customers to the Nvidia platform, since NVLink Fusion is not about to hook up to AMD processors. For MediaTek, the Nvidia investment provides a big pile of cash and access to Nvidia’s infrastructure as it attempts to establish itself as a major supplier of custom data center silicon.

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AI Puts Fiber on the Critical Path

Fiber Becomes Part of the Build A decade ago, DC Blox might have prioritized land near existing fiber from AT&T, Verizon, Zayo or another established network provider. That calculation is different today. As data center campuses have grown and hyperscalers have become a larger share of the customer base, Wabik said connectivity has increasingly become another construction package associated with the project itself. “If Zayo or Verizon or AT&T just happens to be there close by, that’s a good thing,” he said. “But fiber construction is inherently anymore just part of the construction component.” That changes the site-selection question from Is there fiber nearby? to Can fiber be built here at the scale and diversity the customer requires? For DC Blox, Wabik said that can mean assessing whether sufficient public right-of-way exists to establish three or sometimes four diverse fiber paths into a data center. That distinction is important, as AI workloads push infrastructure into markets where power, land and energy options may be more abundant than established carrier density. The hyperscalers themselves have also become major network builders. Wabik characterized them provocatively as today’s telecom providers, pointing to the scale of terrestrial fiber they commission as well as the growing role of companies such as Amazon, Google and Meta in subsea cable development. The point is less that traditional carriers have disappeared than that hyperscalers increasingly design, commission and control enormous portions of the connectivity required to support their own infrastructure. DC Blox now sees requests for 864-count fiber as routine and, in some cases, 1,728-count cable. That would have been difficult to imagine during an earlier era when a handful of fibers from an established carrier could satisfy a data center’s connectivity requirements. AI-Scale Fiber Gets Physical The scale becomes clearer when the discussion moves from abstract network

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Power First: AI Data Centers Become Energy Systems

For decades, data centers consumed electricity much like other large commercial customers: power arrived from the utility, while batteries and diesel generators stood behind it to protect the load. AI is starting to break that model. As data center campuses grow toward hundreds of megawatts and, in some cases, gigawatt scale, developers are increasingly taking responsibility for an energy system that once sat largely outside the data center boundary. Natural gas supply, onsite generation, fuel cells, batteries, controls and the behavior of the compute load itself are increasingly becoming parts of the same infrastructure system. That was the central thread running through “Power First: The New Playbook for Delivering AI Data Centers,” an Aug. 4 session at the Data Center Frontier Trends Summit 2026 in Reston, Virginia. Moderated by Fengrong Li, Senior Managing Director at FTI Consulting, the panel brought together Jim Summers, CEO of GPC Infrastructure; Shankar Achanta, EVP and Chief Product and Technology Officer at FuelCell Energy; Judith Judson, Executive Vice President at Calibrant Energy; and Yuval Bachar, Founder and CEO of EdgeCloudLink. The discussion began with the immediate constraint — the grid cannot deliver capacity on the timetable AI developers increasingly require — but quickly moved beyond the familiar concept of “bridge power.” The larger question was what happens when the data center itself becomes an energy system. From Backup Power to Prime Power Behind-the-meter generation is not new. What has changed is its role and scale. “Traditionally, behind-the-meter generation has been for backup and the sizes were smaller,” Achanta said. “But what they’re seeing is the demand for the power is growing rapidly due to the data center load.” Interconnection queues, transmission limitations and equipment supply constraints are pushing onsite generation into what Achanta called the “front seat,” supplying primary power rather than waiting behind the

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NVIDIA Pushes DSX Deeper Into Data Center Infrastructure

The joint reference design appears in Trane’s Continuum Rubin DSX and Eaton’s Beam Rubin DSX platforms. The goal is a pre-coordinated architecture stretching from grid power to the chip rather than requiring developers and engineering teams to independently assemble electrical and mechanical systems for each project. The systems are also intended to exchange operating data. Rather than cooling and electrical systems responding independently, the systems can instead exchange leading indicators and respond more dynamically to changing operating requirements. This is an approach that closely mirrors NVIDIA’s larger DSX philosophy. Trane and Eaton are also designing the architecture to accommodate future liquid-cooling and direct-current power-distribution technologies. That future-proofing matters as rack power densities continue to rise. An electrical and cooling plant optimized for one GPU generation may otherwise become a constraint several hardware generations later. The Broader DSX Buildout The Lancium, Cloverleaf and Trane/Eaton agreements are part of a considerably wider expansion of the DSX ecosystem. Earlier deals show NVIDIA moving into many of the same infrastructure layers through partnerships spanning powered land, electrical design, digital twins and even project financing. In May, NVIDIA and IREN announced plans to support as much as 5 GW of DSX-aligned AI infrastructure across IREN’s global development pipeline, with the companies identifying IREN’s 2 GW Sweetwater campus in Texas as an expected flagship DSX deployment. NVIDIA also received a five-year right to purchase up to 30 million IREN shares at $70 each, representing a potential investment of as much as $2.1 billion. The infrastructure ecosystem has widened as well. Siemens, NVIDIA and Fluence, incorporating nVent design considerations, have developed a DSX Vera Rubin-aligned electrical, power and controls architecture extending from the utility connection to the rack. ABB is integrating digital models of medium-voltage switchgear, power-distribution equipment and UPS systems into the Omniverse DSX Blueprint, while Vertiv

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ERCOT Puts Texas AI Megawatts to the Test

Texas has no shortage of proposed data center megawatts. The harder question is how many of them are real. That distinction is becoming central to the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) as the state works through an unprecedented wave of AI, hyperscale and other large-load requests. In June, ERCOT said it was tracking more than 438 GW of proposed large loads, nearly 89% associated with data centers. By Aug. 3, Gov. Greg Abbott said ERCOT was considering approximately 474 GW of connection requests, roughly 90% from data centers and more than five times the system’s record peak demand. Neither figure represents a forecast of what will actually get built. And that is increasingly the point. ERCOT’s new Batch Zero process is beginning to put harder boundaries around Texas’ enormous development pipeline, asking which projects have enough maturity, technical information and commitment to warrant space in the transmission plan. At the same time, new requirements surrounding voltage ride-through and dynamic modeling are forcing another realization on the AI infrastructure industry: at hundreds of megawatts, a data center is no longer simply a customer at the edge of the grid. Its behavior can affect the grid itself. For developers, utilities and investors, Texas is becoming a large-scale test of what separates an announced AI campus from executable infrastructure. The Queue Is Not the Grid The sheer scale of ERCOT’s large-load queue can obscure how early many projects remain. ERCOT’s April 2026 monthly report offered a revealing snapshot. Large-load applications totaled 445.8 GW through 2033, but 321 GW had no studies submitted to ERCOT. Another 93.7 GW was under ERCOT review, while 22 GW had met the applicable Section 9.5 requirements. Against that enormous development funnel, ERCOT reported just 5.9 GW of observed energized large loads, with another 3.2 GW approved to

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Microsoft will invest $80B in AI data centers in fiscal 2025

And Microsoft isn’t the only one that is ramping up its investments into AI-enabled data centers. Rival cloud service providers are all investing in either upgrading or opening new data centers to capture a larger chunk of business from developers and users of large language models (LLMs).  In a report published in October 2024, Bloomberg Intelligence estimated that demand for generative AI would push Microsoft, AWS, Google, Oracle, Meta, and Apple would between them devote $200 billion to capex in 2025, up from $110 billion in 2023. Microsoft is one of the biggest spenders, followed closely by Google and AWS, Bloomberg Intelligence said. Its estimate of Microsoft’s capital spending on AI, at $62.4 billion for calendar 2025, is lower than Smith’s claim that the company will invest $80 billion in the fiscal year to June 30, 2025. Both figures, though, are way higher than Microsoft’s 2020 capital expenditure of “just” $17.6 billion. The majority of the increased spending is tied to cloud services and the expansion of AI infrastructure needed to provide compute capacity for OpenAI workloads. Separately, last October Amazon CEO Andy Jassy said his company planned total capex spend of $75 billion in 2024 and even more in 2025, with much of it going to AWS, its cloud computing division.

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John Deere unveils more autonomous farm machines to address skill labor shortage

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More Self-driving tractors might be the path to self-driving cars. John Deere has revealed a new line of autonomous machines and tech across agriculture, construction and commercial landscaping. The Moline, Illinois-based John Deere has been in business for 187 years, yet it’s been a regular as a non-tech company showing off technology at the big tech trade show in Las Vegas and is back at CES 2025 with more autonomous tractors and other vehicles. This is not something we usually cover, but John Deere has a lot of data that is interesting in the big picture of tech. The message from the company is that there aren’t enough skilled farm laborers to do the work that its customers need. It’s been a challenge for most of the last two decades, said Jahmy Hindman, CTO at John Deere, in a briefing. Much of the tech will come this fall and after that. He noted that the average farmer in the U.S. is over 58 and works 12 to 18 hours a day to grow food for us. And he said the American Farm Bureau Federation estimates there are roughly 2.4 million farm jobs that need to be filled annually; and the agricultural work force continues to shrink. (This is my hint to the anti-immigration crowd). John Deere’s autonomous 9RX Tractor. Farmers can oversee it using an app. While each of these industries experiences their own set of challenges, a commonality across all is skilled labor availability. In construction, about 80% percent of contractors struggle to find skilled labor. And in commercial landscaping, 86% of landscaping business owners can’t find labor to fill open positions, he said. “They have to figure out how to do

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2025 playbook for enterprise AI success, from agents to evals

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More 2025 is poised to be a pivotal year for enterprise AI. The past year has seen rapid innovation, and this year will see the same. This has made it more critical than ever to revisit your AI strategy to stay competitive and create value for your customers. From scaling AI agents to optimizing costs, here are the five critical areas enterprises should prioritize for their AI strategy this year. 1. Agents: the next generation of automation AI agents are no longer theoretical. In 2025, they’re indispensable tools for enterprises looking to streamline operations and enhance customer interactions. Unlike traditional software, agents powered by large language models (LLMs) can make nuanced decisions, navigate complex multi-step tasks, and integrate seamlessly with tools and APIs. At the start of 2024, agents were not ready for prime time, making frustrating mistakes like hallucinating URLs. They started getting better as frontier large language models themselves improved. “Let me put it this way,” said Sam Witteveen, cofounder of Red Dragon, a company that develops agents for companies, and that recently reviewed the 48 agents it built last year. “Interestingly, the ones that we built at the start of the year, a lot of those worked way better at the end of the year just because the models got better.” Witteveen shared this in the video podcast we filmed to discuss these five big trends in detail. Models are getting better and hallucinating less, and they’re also being trained to do agentic tasks. Another feature that the model providers are researching is a way to use the LLM as a judge, and as models get cheaper (something we’ll cover below), companies can use three or more models to

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OpenAI’s red teaming innovations define new essentials for security leaders in the AI era

Join our daily and weekly newsletters for the latest updates and exclusive content on industry-leading AI coverage. Learn More OpenAI has taken a more aggressive approach to red teaming than its AI competitors, demonstrating its security teams’ advanced capabilities in two areas: multi-step reinforcement and external red teaming. OpenAI recently released two papers that set a new competitive standard for improving the quality, reliability and safety of AI models in these two techniques and more. The first paper, “OpenAI’s Approach to External Red Teaming for AI Models and Systems,” reports that specialized teams outside the company have proven effective in uncovering vulnerabilities that might otherwise have made it into a released model because in-house testing techniques may have missed them. In the second paper, “Diverse and Effective Red Teaming with Auto-Generated Rewards and Multi-Step Reinforcement Learning,” OpenAI introduces an automated framework that relies on iterative reinforcement learning to generate a broad spectrum of novel, wide-ranging attacks. Going all-in on red teaming pays practical, competitive dividends It’s encouraging to see competitive intensity in red teaming growing among AI companies. When Anthropic released its AI red team guidelines in June of last year, it joined AI providers including Google, Microsoft, Nvidia, OpenAI, and even the U.S.’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), which all had released red teaming frameworks. Investing heavily in red teaming yields tangible benefits for security leaders in any organization. OpenAI’s paper on external red teaming provides a detailed analysis of how the company strives to create specialized external teams that include cybersecurity and subject matter experts. The goal is to see if knowledgeable external teams can defeat models’ security perimeters and find gaps in their security, biases and controls that prompt-based testing couldn’t find. What makes OpenAI’s recent papers noteworthy is how well they define using human-in-the-middle

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